Christian Bettstetter
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an enhanced random mobility model for simulation-based studies of wireless networks. Our approach makes the movement trace of individual mobile stations more realistic than common approaches for random movement.
After giving a survey of mobility models found in the literature, we give a detailed mathematical formulation of our model and outline its advantages. The movement concept is based on random processes for speed and direction control in which the new values are correlated to previous ones. Upon a speed change event, a new target speed is chosen, and an acceleration is set to achieve this target speed. The principles for a direction change are similar. Moreover, we propose two extensions for modeling typical movement patterns of vehicles. Finally, we consider strategies for the nodes' border behavior (i.e., what happens when nodes move out of the simulation area) and point out a pitfall that occurs when using a bounded simulation area.
- 1.L F. Akyildiz, S. M. Ho, and Y.-B. Lin. Movement-based location update and selective paging for PCS networks. IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, 4(4):629-639, Aug. 1996. Google Scholar
Digital Library
- 2.I. F. Akyildiz, Y.-B. Lin, W.-R. Lai, and R.-J. Chen. A new random walk model for PCS networks. IEEE Jourwal on Selected Areas in Commurdeations, 18(7):1254-1260, 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 3.A. Bar-Noy, I. Kessler, and M. Sidi. Mobile users: To update or not to update? ACM/Baltzer Wireless Networks, 1(2):175-185, 1995. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 4.H. Boche and E. Jugl. Extension of ETSI's mobility models for UMTS in order to get more realistic results. In Prec. UMTS Workshop, Giinzburg, Germany, Nov. 1998.Google Scholar
- 5.J. Broch, D. A. Maltz, D. B. Johnson, Y.-C. Hu, and J. Jetdmva. A performance comparison of multi-hop wireless ad hoc network routing protocols. In Pr'oc. MobiCom, ACM IntervL. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking, Dallas, TX, Oct. 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 6.G. Colombo. Mobility models for mobile system design and dimensioning. In Prve. ITC Specialists Seminar: Teletraffic Modelling and Measurement m Brvadband and Mobile Communications, pages 133-146, Leidschendam, Netherlands, Nov. 1995.Google Scholar
- 7.S. R. Das, C. E. Perkins, and E. M. Royer. Performance comparison of two on-demand routing protocols for ad hoc networks. In Proc. IEEE Infocom, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2000.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 8.S. R. Das, C. E. Perkins, E. M. Royer, and M. K. Marina. Performance comparison of two on-demand routing protocols for ad hoc networks. IEEE Personal Communications, pages 16-28, Feb. 2001.Google Scholar
- 9.J. Eberspecher, H.J. VSgel, aatd C. Bettstetter. GSM Switching, Services and Prvtocols. Jolm Wiley & Sons, 2nd edition, Mar. 2001. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 10.ETSI. Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); selection procedures for the choice of radio transmission technologies of the UMTS (UMTS 30.03, version 3.2.0). Technical report, European Telecommunication Standards Institute, Apr. 1998.Google Scholar
- 11.Y. Fang, I. Chlamtac, and Y.-B. Lin. Channel occupancy times and handoff rate for mobile computing and PCS networks. IEEE Trans. on Computers, 47(6), June 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 12.Y. Fang, I. Chlamtac, and Y.-B. Lin. Portable movement modeling for PCS Networks. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular" Technology, 49(4), July 2000.Google Scholar
- 13.D. Gazis, R. Herman, and R.Rothery. Nonlinear follow-the-leader models of traffic flow. Operations Research, 9:545, 1961.Google ScholarDigital Library
- 14.R. A. Gudrin. Channel occupancy time distribution in a cellular radio system. IEEE Ttans. on Vehicular" Technology, 36(3):89-99, Aug. 1987.Google Scholar
- 15.Z. J. Haas and M. R. Pearhnan. The performance of query control schemes for the Zone Routing Protocol. In Prec. ACM SIGCOMM, V'ancouver, Canada, Sept. 1998. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 16.C. Hartmozm a11d H.-J. VSgel. Teletraffic analysis of SDMA-systems with inhomogeneous MS location distribution and mobility. Kluwer Wireless Personal Communications, 11(1):45-62, Oct. 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 17.J. hee Ryu, Y.-W. Kim, and D.-H. Cho. A new routing scheme based on the terminal mobility in mobile ad hoc networks. In Prec. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf. (Fall), pages 1253-1257, Amsterdam, Holland, Sept. 1999.Google Scholar
- 18.G. Holland and N. H. Vaidya. Analysis of TCP performance over mobile ad hoc networks. In Proc. MobiCom, AGM Interw. Conf. on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 207-218, Seattle, WA, USA, Aug. 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 19.D. Hong and S. S. Rappaport. Traffic model and performance analysis for cellular mobile radio telephone systems with prioritized and nonprioritized handoff procedures. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular" Technology, 35(3):77-92, Aug. 1986.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 20.X. Hong, M. Gerla, G. Pei, and C.-C. Chiang. A group mobility model for ad hoc wireless networks. In Prvc. ACM WSWiM, Interview. Wor'kshop on Modeling, Analysis, arid Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, Seattle, 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 21.P. Johansson, T. Larsson, N. Hedman, B. Mielczarek, and M. Degermark. Scenario-based performance analysis of routing protocols for mobile ad-hoc networks. In Proe. MobiCom, ACM Intervl. Co're on Mobile Computing arid Networking, Seattle, VVA, Aug. 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 22.F. Jondral and A. Wiesler. GT"undlagen der Wahrseheinlichkeitsrechnung urid stochastischer Plvzesse fur Ingenieure. Teubner, 2000.Google Scholar
- 23.E. Jugl. Mobilitiitsmodellirung und Einfliisse auf Systemparameter yon Mobilfunksystemen. PhD thesis, Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany, Shaker, 2001.Google Scholar
- 24.T. Kim, M. Chung, and D. K. Sung. Mobility and traffic analyses in three-dimensional PCS environments. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 47(2):537-545, May 1998.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 25.T. S. Kim, M. Chung, D. K. Sung, and M. Sengoku. Mobility and traffic analyses in three-dimensional indoor environments. IEEE 7yans. on Vehicular Technology, 47(2):546-557, May 1998.Google Scholar
- 26.T. S. Kim, J. K. Kwon, and D. K. Sung. Mobility and traffic analysis in three-dimensional high-rise building environments. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 49(5):1633-1640, May 2000.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 27.D. Lain, D. C. Cox, and J. Widom. Teletraffic modeling for personal communication services. IEEE Communications Magazine, 35(2):79-87, Oct. 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 28.Z. Lei and C. Rose. Probability criterion based location tracking approach for mobility management of personal communication systems. In PTvc. IEEE Globecom, pages 977-981, Phoenix, AR, Nov. 1997.Google Scholar
- 29.Z. Lei and C. Rose. Wireless subscriber mobility management using adaptive individual location areas for PCS systems. In Pwc. IEEE ICC, Atlanta, June 1998.Google Scholar
- 30.Y.-B. Lin. Performance modeling for mobile telephone networks. IEEE Network, pages 63-67, Nov. 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 31.Y.-B. Lin. Reducing location update cost in a PCS network. IEEE/ACM Trans. on Networking, 5(1):25-33, Feb. 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 32.J. G. Markoulidakis, G. L. Lyberopoulos, D. F. Tsirkas, and E. D. Sykas. Mobility modeling in third-generation mobile telecommunication systems. IEEE Personal Communications, pages 41-56, Aug. 1997.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 33.G. Morales-Andreas and M. Villen-Altamirano. An approach to modeling subscriber mobility in cellular networks. In Pwc. 5th World Telecommunication Forum, pages 195-189, Geneva, Switzerland, Nov. 1987.Google Scholar
- 34.S. Nanda. Teletraffic models for urban and suburband microcells: Cell sizes and handoff rates. IEEE Trans. on Vehicular Technology, 42:673-682, Nov. 1993.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 35.P. V. Orlik and S. S. Rappaport. A model for teletraffic performance and channel holding time characterization in wireless cellular communication. In Pwe. IEEE ICUPC, pages 671-675, San Diego, Oct. 1997.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 36.M. R. Pearlman, Z. J. Haas, P. Sholander, and S. S. Tabrizi. On tile impact of alternate path routing for load balancing in mobile ad hoc networks. In Proe. MobiHOC, InteTw. Workshop on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, pages 3-10, Boston, MA, Aug. 2000. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 37.C. E. Perkins aJld E. M. Royer. Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector routing. In Pwc. IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, pages 90-100, New Orleans, LA, Feb. 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 38.E. M. Royer and C. E. Perkins. Multicast operation of the ad-hoc on--demand distance vector routing protocol. In Plvc. MobiCom, ACM Intelw. Core on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 207-218, Seattle, WA, USA, Aug. 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 39.T. Sakamoto, E. Kamagata, and M. Serizawa. Location registration and paging for in-building personal multi-media communication systems. In Prve. IEEE Vehicular Technology Core, pages 1878-1882, Atlanta, Apr. 1996.Google ScholarCross Ref
- 40.M. Schopp. User modeling and performance evaluation of distributed location management for personal commuitications services. In Pwc. InteTvi. Teletraffic Congress, pages 23-34, Washington, DC, June 1997.Google Scholar
- 41.J. Scourias and T. Kunz. An activity-based mobility model and location management simulation framework. In Pwc. MSWiM, A CM Interw. Workshop orb Modeling, Analysis, arid Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, Seattle, WA, Aug. 1999. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 42.S. Tekinay. Mobility modeling and management in cellular networks. In Proe. IEEE Infocom, pages 177-199, Bombay, India, Dec. 1994.Google Scholar
- 43.R. Thomas, H. Gilbert, and G. Mazziotto. Influence of the moving of the mobile stations on the performance of a radio mobile cellular network. In Proc. Nordic Seminar on Digital Land Mobile Radio Communications, pages 1-9, Sept. 1988.Google Scholar
- 44.M. M. Zonoozi and P. Dassanayake. User mobility modeling and characterization of mobility patterns. IEEE Jourwal on Sel. Areas in Communications, 15(7):1239-1252, Sept. 1997. Google ScholarDigital Library
- 45.M. M. Zonozzi and P. Dassanayake. Mobility modeling and chmnnel holding time distribution in cellular mobile communication systems. In P, ve. IEEE Globeeom, pages 12-16, Singapore, Nov. 1995.Google Scholar
Index Terms
- Smooth is better than sharp: a random mobility model for simulation of wireless networks
Recommendations
Stochastic properties of the random waypoint mobility model: epoch length, direction distribution, and cell change rate
MSWiM '02: Proceedings of the 5th ACM international workshop on Modeling analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systemsThe random waypoint model is a commonly used mobility model for simulations of wireless communication networks. In this paper, we present analytical derivations of some fundamental stochastic properties of this model with respect to: (a) the length and ...
Nonuniform property of random direction mobility model for MANET
WiCOM'09: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Wireless communications, networking and mobile computingRandom direction mobility model is commonly used in the simulation-based performance analysis for ad hoc networks. Recent works have shown that the distribution of nodes moving according to random direction is non-uniform. Apparently, the node ...
Mobility Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
The future-generation wireless systems will combine heterogeneous wireless access technologies to provide mobile users with seamless access to a diverse set of applications and services. The heterogeneity in this inter-technology roaming paradigm ...
Comments