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Erschienen in: Der Gynäkologe 10/2014

01.10.2014 | Leitthema

BRCA1 und BRCA2 − genetische und nichtgenetische Einflussfaktoren

verfasst von: Dr. K. Kast, C. Fischer

Erschienen in: Die Gynäkologie | Ausgabe 10/2014

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Nicht für alle Trägerinnen einer Mutation in den Genen BRCA1 und BRCA2 liegt das lebenslange Erkrankungsrisiko für Brust- oder Eierstockkrebs gleich hoch. Bislang werden bei der Indikationsstellung zur Teilnahme an intensivierten Früherkennungs- und Nachsorgeprogrammen oder zur Durchführung einer prophylaktischen Operation keine risikomodifizierenden Faktoren berücksichtigt.

Fragestellung

Welche genetischen und nichtgenetischen Einflussfaktoren beeinflussen das Mammakarzinomrisiko von Anlageträgerinnen, und welche davon werden in den gebräuchlichen Risikoberechnungsprogrammen bereits berücksichtigt?

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

In genomweiten Assoziationstudien wurden Niedrigrisikovarianten gefunden und validiert. Einige davon modulieren das Risiko beim sporadischen und beim BRCA-assoziierten Mammakarzinom, es gibt für jeden Typ aber auch spezifische Varianten. Es gibt erste Studien, die vermuten lassen, dass Lebensstilfaktoren und reproduktive Faktoren das Risiko für BRCA-assoziierte Tumoren modulieren. Den bisherigen Rechenmodellen zur Schätzung des individuellen Risikos liegen eine variable Zahl hoch penetranter Gene und die Erhebung des Stammbaumes über 3 Generationen zugrunde. Zum Teil werden auch klinische Daten, wie Voroperationen, Tumorhistologie, Reproduktionsfaktoren oder „body mass index“ berücksichtigt. Die Erforschung der modifizierenden genetischen und nichtgenetischen Faktoren führt zur Erstellung eines umfassenden Risikoberechnungsprogramms. Dieses hat zum einen die Vermeidung von Übertherapie im Hinblick auf präventive Maßnahmen zum Ziel. Zum anderen bereitet die Kenntnis der individuellen Trigger einer potenziellen Brust- oder Eierstockkrebserkrankung den Weg für eine gezieltere Prävention von der medikamentösen Therapie bis hin zur Lebensstilintervention.
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Metadaten
Titel
BRCA1 und BRCA2 − genetische und nichtgenetische Einflussfaktoren
verfasst von
Dr. K. Kast
C. Fischer
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2014
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Die Gynäkologie / Ausgabe 10/2014
Print ISSN: 2731-7102
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-7110
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00129-014-3350-z

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