Introduction
Methods
Study populations and baseline survey
Follow-up of the multi-province cohort
Data analysis
Results
Variable | All | Death | Alive | p* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants N = 4165 | n = 329 | (%) | n = 3836 | (%) | |||
Age (years) | |||||||
Mean (SD) | 72.1 | 7.32 | 76.7 | 7.64 | 71.7 | 7.16 | < 0.001 |
Sex (n, %) | |||||||
Women | 2304 | 55.3 | 150 | 45.6 | 2154 | 56.2 | < 0.001 |
Men | 1861 | 44.7 | 179 | 54.4 | 1682 | 43.8 | |
Urban–rural living | |||||||
Urban | 1730 | 41.5 | 135 | 41.0 | 1595 | 41.6 | 0.847 |
Rural | 2435 | 58.5 | 194 | 59.0 | 2241 | 58.4 | |
Province | |||||||
Anhui | 1014 | 24.3 | 70 | 21.3 | 944 | 24.6 | |
Guangdong | 902 | 21.7 | 74 | 22.5 | 828 | 21.6 | 0.340 |
Shanghai | 926 | 22.2 | 71 | 21.6 | 855 | 22.3 | |
Heilongjiang | 460 | 11.0 | 33 | 10.0 | 427 | 11.1 | |
Shanxi | 863 | 20.7 | 81 | 24.6 | 782 | 20.4 | |
Smoking status | |||||||
Never-smoking | 2576 | 61.8 | 182 | 55.3 | 2394 | 62.4 | 0.010 |
Current- or Ex-smoking | 1537 | 36.9 | 143 | 43.5 | 1394 | 36.3 | |
Unknown | 52 | 1.2 | 4 | 1.2 | 48 | 1.3 | |
Alcohol drinking in the past two years | |||||||
Never | 3045 | 73.1 | 228 | 69.3 | 2817 | 73.4 | 0.130 |
Current- or Ex-drinking | 1051 | 25.2 | 94 | 28.6 | 957 | 24.9 | |
Unknown | 69 | 1.7 | 7 | 2.1 | 62 | 1.6 | |
BMI (kg/m2)† | |||||||
Cut-off point | |||||||
< 20 | 816 | 19.6 | 97 | 29.5 | 719 | 18.7 | < 0.001 |
20– < 23 | 1428 | 34.3 | 112 | 34.0 | 1316 | 34.3 | |
23– < 26 | 1063 | 25.5 | 62 | 18.8 | 1001 | 26.1 | |
> = 26 | 651 | 15.6 | 37 | 11.2 | 614 | 16.0 | |
Unknown | 207 | 5.0 | 21 | 6.4 | 186 | 4.8 | |
Socioeconomic status | |||||||
Educational level | |||||||
Illiterate | 1984 | 47.6 | 198 | 60.2 | 1786 | 46.6 | < 0.001 |
Primary school | 1100 | 26.4 | 69 | 21.0 | 1031 | 26.9 | |
Secondary school | 548 | 13.2 | 27 | 8.2 | 521 | 13.6 | |
> = High Secondary school | 325 | 7.8 | 23 | 7.0 | 302 | 7.9 | |
College/University | 175 | 4.2 | 10 | 3.0 | 165 | 4.3 | |
Unknown | 33 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.6 | 31 | 0.8 | |
Main occupation | |||||||
Peasant | 2321 | 55.7 | 195 | 59.3 | 2126 | 55.4 | 0.384 |
Manual labourer | 628 | 15.1 | 42 | 12.8 | 586 | 15.3 | |
Official/Teacher | 536 | 12.9 | 39 | 11.9 | 497 | 13.0 | |
Business | 32 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.3 | 31 | 0.8 | |
Housewife | 338 | 8.1 | 32 | 9.7 | 306 | 8.0 | |
Others | 278 | 6.7 | 18 | 5.5 | 260 | 6.8 | |
Unknown | 32 | 0.8 | 2 | 0.6 | 30 | 0.8 | |
Annual income‡ | |||||||
Very satisfactory | 333 | 8.0 | 23 | 7.0 | 310 | 8.1 | 0.013 |
Satisfactory | 1828 | 43.9 | 124 | 37.7 | 1704 | 44.4 | |
Average | 1653 | 39.7 | 142 | 43.2 | 1511 | 39.4 | |
Poor | 308 | 7.4 | 36 | 10.9 | 272 | 7.1 | |
Unknown | 43 | 1.0 | 4 | 1.2 | 39 | 1.0 | |
Social network and support | |||||||
Marital status | |||||||
Married | 3026 | 72.7 | 194 | 59.0 | 2832 | 73.8 | < 0.001 |
Never married/Divorcees | 112 | 2.7 | 9 | 2.7 | 103 | 2.7 | |
Widowed | 997 | 23.9 | 125 | 38.0 | 872 | 22.7 | |
Unknown | 30 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.3 | 29 | 0.8 | |
Living with | |||||||
No-one | 425 | 10.3 | 50 | 15.4 | 375 | 9.9 | 0.002 |
Others | 3705 | 89.7 | 275 | 84.6 | 3430 | 90.1 | |
Frequency of visiting children or other relatives | |||||||
Everyday | 1134 | 27.5 | 96 | 29.6 | 1038 | 27.3 | < 0.001 |
2–3 per week | 619 | 15.0 | 52 | 16.0 | 567 | 14.9 | |
Once a week | 650 | 15.8 | 38 | 11.7 | 612 | 16.1 | |
At least monthly | 435 | 10.6 | 29 | 9.0 | 406 | 10.7 | |
Seldom | 1050 | 25.5 | 72 | 22.2 | 978 | 25.8 | |
Never | 234 | 5.7 | 37 | 11.4 | 197 | 5.2 | |
Co-morbidities | |||||||
Hypertension (BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg or taking antihypertensive drugs) | |||||||
No | 2128 | 51.1 | 145 | 44.1 | 1983 | 51.7 | 0.009 |
Yes | 1882 | 45.2 | 170 | 51.7 | 1712 | 44.6 | |
Unknown | 155 | 3.7 | 14 | 4.3 | 141 | 3.7 | |
Heart disease | |||||||
No | 3524 | 84.6 | 279 | 84.8 | 3245 | 84.6 | 0.897 |
Yes | 545 | 13.1 | 40 | 12.2 | 505 | 13.2 | |
Unknown | 96 | 2.3 | 10 | 3.0 | 86 | 2.2 | |
Diabetes | |||||||
No | 3878 | 93.1 | 303 | 92.1 | 3575 | 93.2 | 0.601 |
Yes | 228 | 5.5 | 20 | 6.1 | 208 | 5.4 | |
Unknown | 59 | 1.4 | 6 | 1.8 | 53 | 1.4 | |
Activity of daily living (ADL) (score) | |||||||
0 | 3713 | 89.1 | 241 | 73.3 | 3472 | 90.5 | < 0.001 |
1–4 | 295 | 7.1 | 38 | 11.6 | 257 | 6.7 | |
≥ 5 | 157 | 3.8 | 50 | 15.2 | 107 | 2.8 | |
GMS-AGECAT diagnosis—depression | |||||||
Non-depression | 3831 | 92.0 | 297 | 90.3 | 3534 | 92.1 | 0.435 |
Depression-subcase | 126 | 3.0 | 10 | 3.0 | 116 | 3.0 | |
Depression-case | 183 | 4.4 | 19 | 5.8 | 164 | 4.3 | |
Unknown | 25 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.9 | 22 | 0.6 | |
GMS-AGECAT diagnosis -Dementia | |||||||
Non-dementia | 3317 | 79.6 | 227 | 69.0 | 3090 | 80.6 | < 0.001 |
Dementia-subcase | 417 | 10.0 | 38 | 11.6 | 379 | 9.9 | |
Dementia-case | 406 | 9.7 | 61 | 18.5 | 345 | 9.0 | |
Unknown | 25 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.9 | 22 | 0.6 | |
Dietary variables | |||||||
Meat consumed over the past two years | |||||||
Never eat | 710 | 17.2 | 70 | 21.5 | 640 | 16.8 | 0.222 |
Once a week or less | 1387 | 33.6 | 110 | 33.8 | 1277 | 33.6 | |
> Once a week and < daily | 1129 | 27.3 | 78 | 24.0 | 1051 | 27.6 | |
Once a day | 631 | 15.3 | 48 | 14.8 | 583 | 15.3 | |
> Daily | 274 | 6.6 | 19 | 5.8 | 255 | 6.7 | |
Fish consumed over the past two years | |||||||
Never eat | 988 | 23.9 | 98 | 30.2 | 890 | 23.4 | 0.014 |
Once a week or less | 1327 | 32.1 | 110 | 33.8 | 1217 | 32.0 | |
> Once a week and < daily | 1209 | 29.3 | 77 | 23.7 | 1132 | 29.7 | |
Once a day | 446 | 10.8 | 26 | 8.0 | 420 | 11.0 | |
> Daily | 161 | 3.9 | 14 | 4.3 | 147 | 3.9 | |
Fresh vegetables consumed over the past two years | |||||||
Never eat | 20 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.3 | 19 | 0.5 | 0.360 |
Once a week or less | 86 | 2.1 | 11 | 3.4 | 75 | 2.0 | |
> Once a week and < daily | 207 | 5.0 | 18 | 5.6 | 189 | 5.0 | |
Once a day | 1685 | 40.8 | 122 | 37.7 | 1563 | 41.1 | |
> Daily | 2127 | 51.6 | 172 | 53.1 | 1955 | 51.4 | |
Fruits consumed over the past two years | |||||||
Never eat | 485 | 11.8 | 50 | 15.4 | 435 | 11.5 | 0.113 |
Once a week or less | 1268 | 30.8 | 105 | 32.4 | 1163 | 30.6 | |
> Once a week and < daily | 1105 | 26.8 | 75 | 23.1 | 1030 | 27.1 | |
Once a day | 969 | 23.5 | 68 | 21.0 | 901 | 23.7 | |
> Daily | 292 | 7.1 | 26 | 8.0 | 266 | 7.0 |
Fish intake over the past two years | Nos participants (death) | Person-years (mortality*) | HR1† 95% CI | HR2† 95% CI | HR3† 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never eat | 988 (98) | 2848.5 (34.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
A little#1 | 1327 (110) | 3875.8 (28.4) | 0.70 0.53–0.93 | 0.74 0.53–1.04 | 0.79 0.53–1.18 |
A lot#2 | 1816 (117) | 5633.9 (20.8) | 0.56 0.42–0.74 | 0.59 0.38–0.91 | 0.58 0.34–0.96 |
Total | 4131 (325) | 12,358.3 (26.3) |
Fish intake over the past two years | Nos participants (death) | Person-years (mortality*) | HR1† 95% CI | HR2† 95% CI | HR3† 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never eat | 746 (69) | 2176.8 (31.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
A little#1 | 1046 (74) | 3096.6 (23.9) | 0.67 0.48–0.93 | 0.77 0.53–1.13 | 0.85 0.55–1.31 |
A lot#2 | 1512 (81) | 4774.7 (17.0) | 0.49 0.36–0.68 | 0.55 0.34–0.88 | 0.57 0.33–0.98 |
Total | 3304 (224) | 10,048.1(22.3) |
Fish intake over the past 2 years | Nos participants (death) | Person-years (mortality*) | HR1† 95% CI | HR2† 95% CI | HR3† 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Never eat | 123 (17) | 327.5 (51.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
A little#1 | 139 (20) | 388.0 (51.4) | 0.94 0.41–2.15 | 0.94 0.34–2.55 | 1.05 0.30–3.66 |
A lot#2 | 143 (24) | 387.8 (61.9) | 0.97 0.45–2.09 | 1.05 0.30–3.70 | 1.36 0.28–6.60 |
Total | 405 (61) | 1103.3 (55.3) |