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Erschienen in: Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 2/2016

01.02.2016 | Schwangerschaft | Leitthema

Programmierung durch intrauterine Mangelversorgung

verfasst von: M.A. Alejandre Alcazar, E. Nüsken, Dr. K.-D. Nüsken

Erschienen in: Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde | Ausgabe 2/2016

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Zusammenfassung

Ungünstige Einflüsse in empfindlichen Entwicklungsphasen können langfristigen Einfluss auf die Organentwicklung, -struktur und -funktion haben; hierfür wurde der Begriff „perinatale Programmierung“ geprägt. In den letzten Jahrzehnten konnten zunehmend klinische und experimentelle Belege gefunden werden, dass ein intrauteriner Mangel sowohl das intrauterine Wachstum (intrauterine Wachstumsrestriktion, IUGR) als auch das spätere postnatale Wachstum (Aufholwachstum) beeinflusst und gleichzeitig physiologische Abläufe beeinträchtigt. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt Gründe, Zusammenhänge und klinische Folgen einer intrauterinen Mangelversorgung vor und unterstreicht die Bedeutung translationaler Studien, um mithilfe von Tiermodellen präventive Strategien zur Vermeidung von Folgeerkrankungen zu entwickeln. Die Folgen der intrauterinen Programmierung betreffen viele Organe, unter ihnen Nieren, Lungen und Gehirn. Sowohl klinische als auch experimentelle Studien konnten zeigen, dass ein intrauteriner Mangel nicht nur das Risiko renaler und kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen im Erwachsenenalter erhöht, wie z. B. arterielle Hypertonie und Kardiomyopathie, sondern dass auch ein Zusammenhang mit der chronischen Lungenerkrankung Frühgeborener, der Entstehung von Asthma und der neurokognitiven Leistung bereits im Kindesalter besteht. Interessant ist in diesem Zusammenhang die pathophysiologische Rolle des Aufholwachstums, das einen Risikofaktor für eine gestörte Körperzusammensetzung mit erhöhtem Fettanteil darstellt und mit den damit verbundenen metabolischen Folgen einhergeht. Ein pränataler Mangelzustand hat somit in 2 Zeitfenstern Einfluss auf die kindliche Entwicklung: 1. pränatal: direkte Beeinflussung der Organentwicklung und -funktion durch den Mangel und 2. postnatal: indirekte Beeinflussung der Organentwicklung und -funktion über die akzelerierte Gewichtszunahme und die daraus resultierenden metabolischen Folgen.
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Metadaten
Titel
Programmierung durch intrauterine Mangelversorgung
verfasst von
M.A. Alejandre Alcazar
E. Nüsken
Dr. K.-D. Nüsken
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde / Ausgabe 2/2016
Print ISSN: 0026-9298
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-0474
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00112-015-3420-x

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