Background
Methods
Study design
Study context
Participants and procedure
Measures
Statistical analyses
Ethical considerations
Results
Prevalence of past-month cannabis and lifetime amphetamine among school-going adolescents
Bivariate analysis of the factors associated with cannabis and amphetamine use
Variables | Weighted N | Weighted % | Past-month cannabis use | Lifetime amphetamine use | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (%) | p-values | Yes (%) | p-values | ||||
Demographic | |||||||
Gender | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Male | 7335 | 47.2 | 459 (6.3) | 294 (4.01) | |||
Female | 8218 | 52.8 | 224 (2.7) | 181 (2.2) | |||
Mental health factors | |||||||
Loneliness | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 8809 | 58.8 | 457 (5.1) | 313 (3.5) | |||
No | 6542 | 41.2 | 209 (3.3) | 145 (2.3) | |||
Anxiety | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 8809 | 57.4 | 477 (5.4) | 346 (3.9) | |||
No | 6542 | 42.6 | 183 (2.8) | 106 (1.6) | |||
Suicidal ideation | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 2533 | 16.7 | 195 (7.7) | 161 (6.4) | |||
No | 12,673 | 83.3 | 410 (3.2) | 243 (1.9) | |||
Suicidal attempt | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 2485 | 16.2 | 278 (11.2) | 261 (10.5) | |||
No | 12,828 | 83.8 | 379 (3.0) | 183 (1.4) | |||
Lifestyle factors | |||||||
Cigarette smoking | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 1319 | 8.6 | 404 (30.6) | 222 (16.8) | |||
No | 13,960 | 91.4 | 220 (1.6) | 202 (1.5) | |||
Past-month alcohol use | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 3460 | 23.4 | 458 (13.2) | 265 (7.7) | |||
No | 11,322 | 76.6 | 156 (1.4) | 135 (1.2) | |||
Lifetime drunkenness | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 2811 | 18.7 | 418 (14.9) | 237 (8.4) | |||
No | 12,203 | 81.3 | 167 (1.4) | 136 (1.1) | |||
Leisure-time sedentary behaviour | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 5037 | 33.0 | 356 (7.1) | 223 (4.4) | |||
No | 10,209 | 67.0 | 291 (2.9) | 221 (2.2) | |||
School-level factors | |||||||
Truancy | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 3767 | 24.7 | 392 (10.4) | 275 (7.3) | |||
No | 11,489 | 75.3 | 250 (2.2) | 160 (1.4) | |||
Bullying victimization | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 5224 | 36.3 | 347 (6.6) | 292 (5.6) | |||
No | 9194 | 63.7 | 262 (2.9) | 117 (1.3) | |||
Social support at school | 0.275 | 0.009 | |||||
Yes | 12,211 | 79.9 | 518 (4.2) | 333 (2.7) | |||
No | 3070 | 20.1 | 144 (4.7) | 123 (4.0) | |||
Interpersonal-level factors | |||||||
Number of close friends | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 13,707 | 10.3 | 546 (4.0) | 346 (2.5) | |||
No | 1589 | 89.6 | 92 (5.8) | 89 (5.6) | |||
Physical fight | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 4594 | 29.8 | 406 (8.8) | 304 (6.6) | |||
No | 10,830 | 70.2 | 265 (2.5) | 163 (1.5) | |||
Family-level factors | |||||||
Parental supervision | < 0.001 | 0.084 | |||||
Yes | 11,750 | 76.9 | 452 (3.9) | 330 (2.8) | |||
No | 3533 | 23.1 | 205 (5.8) | 119 (3.4) | |||
Parental understanding | 0.004 | 0.101 | |||||
Yes | 11,542 | 75.7 | 458 (4.0) | 326 (2.8) | |||
No | 3703 | 24.3 | 188 (5.1) | 124 (3.4) | |||
Parental monitoring | 0.006 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 11,652 | 76.3 | 469 (4.0) | 309 (2.7) | |||
No | 3625 | 23.7 | 184 (5.1) | 139 (3.5) | |||
Parental intrusion of privacy | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 8248 | 45.8 | 388 (5.6) | 283 (4.1) | |||
No | 8248 | 54.2 | 260 (3.2) | 160 (1.9) | |||
Parental tobacco use | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 2354 | 15.3 | 282 (12.0) | 186 (7.9) | |||
No | 13,020 | 84.7 | 369 (2.8) | 265 (2.0) |
Factors associated with cannabis and amphetamine use among school-going adolescents in across sub-Saharan
Study Variables | Past-month cannabis use | Lifetime Amphetamine use | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | AOR [95% CI] | p-value | β | AOR [95% CI] | p-value | ||
Demographics | |||||||
Gender | < 0.001 | 0.010 | |||||
Male | 1 | 1 | |||||
Female | -0.039 | 0.41 [0.31, 0.55] | -0.018 | 0.64 [0.45, 0.90] | |||
Age | |||||||
12 years | 1 | 1 | |||||
13 years | 0.000 | 1.47 [0.67, 3.25] | 0.335 | -0.009 | 0.98 [0.41, 2.33] | 0.965 | |
14 years | -0.003 | 1.46 [0.68, 3.15] | 0.335 | -0.028 | 0.49 [0.20, 1.22] | 0.126 | |
15 years | 0.017 | 2.26 [1.08, 4.70] | 0.030 | -0.017 | 0.86 [0.38, 1.96] | 0.729 | |
16 years | 0.021 | 2.54 [1.22, 5.31] | 0.013 | -0.027 | 0.73 [0.32, 1.71] | 0.417 | |
17 years | 0.018 | 2.48 [1.14, 5.40] | 0.022 | -0.157 | 0.85 [0.36, 2.01] | 0.713 | |
Mental health factors | |||||||
Anxiety | -0.008 | 1.16 [0.86, 1.56] | 0.346 | -0.000 | 1.17 [0.78, 1.74] | 0.442 | |
Loneliness | -0.016 | 0.94 [0.70, 1.27] | 0.700 | -0.015 | 0.82 [0.56, 1.20] | 0.298 | |
Suicidal ideation | -0.027 | 0.63 [0.44, 0.89] | 0.009 | -0.016 | 0.78 [0.52, 1.17] | 0.232 | |
Suicidal attempt | 0.055 | 2.21 [1.57. 3.09] | < 0.001 | 0.102 | 3.65 [2.49, 5.36] | < 0.001 | |
Lifestyle factors | |||||||
Cigarette smoking | 0.335 | 10.38 [7.77, 13.87] | < 0.001 | 0.132 | 3.84 [2.58, 5.71] | < 0.001 | |
Past-month alcohol use | 0.061 | 2.82 [2.01, 3.97] | < 0.001 | 0.040 | 2.14 [1.36, 3.35] | 0.001 | |
Lifetime drunkenness | 0.087 | 2.64 [1.89, 3.67] | < 0.001 | 0.079 | 3.16 [2.00, 4.96] | < 0.001 | |
Leisure-time sedentary behaviour | 0.019 | 1.30 [1.00, 1.70] | 0.048 | 0.021 | 1.41 [0.99, 1.99] | 0.054 | |
School-level factors | |||||||
Truancy | 0.058 | 1.96 [1.51, 2.55] | < 0.001 | 0.063 | 2.59 [1.84, 3.66] | < 0.001 | |
Bullying victimization | 0.010 | 1.42 [1.08, 1.86] | 0.013 | 0.029 | 1.71 [1.20, 2.44] | 0.003 | |
Social support at school | -0.008 | 0.77 [0.54, 1.11] | 0.160 | -0.020 | 0.64 [0.43, 0.96] | 0.032 | |
Interpersonal-level factors | |||||||
Number of close friends | 0.001 | 0.96 [0.60, 1.52] | 0.848 | -0.013 | 0.62 [0.39, 1.00] | 0.052 | |
Physical fight | 0.016 | 1.17 [0.89, 1.54] | 0.250 | 0.016 | 1.26 [0.89, 1.80] | 0.195 | |
Family-level factors | |||||||
Parental supervision | -0.008 | 0.85 [0.63, 1.13] | 0.266 | 0.015 | 1.22 [0.82, 1.82] | 0.320 | |
Parental understanding | -0.003 | 0.98 [0.71, 1.33] | 0.876 | 0.004 | 1.10 [0.73, 1.65] | 0.646 | |
Parental monitoring | 0.000 | 0.96 [0.70, 1.31] | 0.785 | -0.019 | 0.64 [0.43, 0.94] | 0.022 | |
Parental intrusion of privacy | 0.009 | 1.12 [0.85, 1.46] | 0.423 | 0.019 | 1.36 [0.96, 1.93] | 0.087 | |
Parental tobacco use | 0.058 | 2.12 [1.62, 2.78] | < 0.001 | 0.035 | 1.63 [1.13, 2.37] | 0.010 | |
Country | |||||||
Benin | 1 | 1 | |||||
Ghana | 0.037 | 6.26 [2.40, 16.3] | < 0.001 | 0.033 | 3.07 [1.37, 6.88] | 0.006 | |
Liberia | 0.039 | 6.05 [2.39, 15.3] | < 0.001 | 0.006 | 1.12 [0.47, 2.70] | 0.799 | |
Mauritius | 0.041 | 4.39 [1.97, 9.80] | < 0.001 | -0.028 | 0.43 [0.20, 0.94] | 0.035 | |
Mozambique | 0.021 | 2.59 [0.90, 7.42] | 0.077 | -0.004 | 0.73 [0.25, 2.16] | 0.570 | |
Namibia | 0.034 | 3.31 [1.44, 7.14] | 0.004 | 0.031 | 1.39 [0.72, 2.69] | 0.329 | |
Seychelles | 0.027 | 4.03 [1.79, 9.06] | 0.001 | -0.055 | 0.32 [0.14, 0.70] | 0.005 | |
Tanzania | 0.047 | 3.54 [1.38, 9.10] | 0.009 | 0.011 | 1.26 [0.55, 2.89] | 0.579 | |
Cox & Snell R2 | 0.105 | 0.048 | |||||
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.445 | 0.329 | |||||
Hosmer–Lemeshow GOF test (sig.) | 8.25 (0.4094) | 7.03 (0.5334) | |||||
Overall % correctly classified | 97.14% | 98.52% |