Background
Methods
Author (year) | Aim | Design | Intervention | Methods | Cases (eyes) | Mean age | Outcomes |
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Saadat and Dresner (2004) [12] | To assess the safety of blepharoplasty in patients with preop dry eyes | Retrospective | Upper blepharoplasty: skin and fat excision. No orbicularis was excised to preserve innervation Lower blepharoplasty: transconjunctival approach for fat removal | Full history, ocular examination, basic Schirmer test with anesthesia | 67 | 64 | 8% reported worsening in the severity of their dry eyes, 8% improvement, 83% no change By preserving the orbicularis muscle and its innervation, the dynamics of eyelid closure, tear pumping, and tear distribution are not affected |
Kim et al. (2007) [13] | To evaluate the effect of upper eyelid surgery on ocular surface sensation and tear production | Prospective | Blepharoplasty: excision of skin and orbicularis muscle flap Ptosis: orbital septum opened and levator aponeurosis advanced or resected | Cochet–Bonnet esthesiometer, Schirmer 1 test without anesthesia | 11 (21) | 62 | A significant temporary decrease in ocular surface sensation that returns to baseline after 1 month |
Zinkernagel et al. (2007) [14] | To compare the effects of different upper eyelid procedures on corneal topography | Prospective | Skin-only blepharoplasty, blepharoplasty with reduction of the medial fat pad, blepharoplasty with reduction of the entire fat pad, and levator advancement | Computed corneal topography before surgery and at 3 months | 43 (82) | 59 | Statistically significant correlation between the severity of upper eyelid abnormality and topographical corneal changes after surgery Changes in astigmatism were greater when large fat pads were reduced Postop astigmatic axis changes were not systematic |
Rogers et al. (2012) [15] | To assess the effect of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on CS | Prospective | Routine upper eyelid blepharoplasty under local anesthetic | Pelli-Robson chart at 1 m, VA, and automated 60:4 visual field | 14 (28) | 63.5 | Significant increase in log CS from 1.49 to 1.64 |
Kim et al. (2013) [2] | To assess CS and VA after upper eyelid blepharoplasty | Prospective | Excess skin, orbicularis, and fat pad excision | CS was measured by an automated Contrast Glaretester. HOA by KR-1W Wavefront Analyser. Lash ptosis was measured using a 4-point rating scale | 16 (22) | 47.4 | CS significantly increased in every spatial frequency and light condition HOA (total HOA, 3rd and 4th order, trefoil, coma, and second astigmatism decreased significantly. Lash ptosis also decreased after. Corneal topography showed no difference |
Dogan et al. (2015) [16] | To evaluate corneal parameters obtained by Scheimpflug imaging after blepharoplasty | Prospective | Excess skin and fat pad excision | Preop and postop (3rd month) Sheimpflug imaging: CCT, ACD, steepest keratometry, astigmatic power vectors | 30 (60) | 56.5 | The only parameter that was significantly different was the steepest keratometry in patients with preop MRD1 < 2.5 mm Other parameters showed no differences |
Simsek et al. (2015) [9] | To determine any change in corneal astigmatism and VA changes following upper blepharoplasty | Prospective | Routine upper eyelid blepharoplasty surgery | Pentacam and VA before, 1 and 3 months postop | 23 (43) | 46.3 | Statistically significant astigmatic changes (0.15 D); but clinically insignificant VA changes. No significant change in astigmatism axis was detected |
An et al. (2016) [17] | To assess the effects of upper lid blepharoplasty on visual quality | Prospective | Excess skin, orbicularis and fat pad excision | CS: Vector Vision CSV-1000 chart; levator function test; Lash ptosis: 4-point rating scale | 39 (73) | 62.6 | A significant increase in CS under scotopic and photopic conditions were found Lash ptosis also improved |
Kim et al. (2016) [18] | To analyze corneal curvature changes after upper eyelid surgery, and to compare the effects of different upper eyelid procedures on corneal curvature | Prospective | Blepharoplasty: excision of redundant skin orbicularis muscle and fat Ptosis: levator resection | Corneal topography before surgery, and at 6 weeks | 34 (50) | 57.9 | Levator resection showed greater changes of corneal curvature (central corneal power and astigmatism) than blepharoplasty The advanced aponeurosis technique may have a greater effect on the lid/cornea interface |
Rymer et al. (2017) [11] | To evaluate the effects of Muller’s muscle-conjunctival resection (MMCR) on ocular surface and dry eye symptoms | Prospective | Bilateral upper eyelid skin excision with MMCR or skin-only excision | Salisbury Eye Evaluation Questionnaire, Schirmer’s test, TBUT, fluorescein and rose Bengal staining | 46 (92) | 62 | No changes were seen in patients who underwent blepharoplasty alone in the questionnaire scores. No changes were found in tear production profiles in the blepharoplasty-only group. Addition of MMCR to upper eyelid blepharoplasty did not worsen the dry eye profile |
Mohammed (2018) [19] | Study the impact of orbicularis strip excision during upper blepharoplasty on postop dry eye symptoms | Interventional comparative | Upper blepharoplasty ± orbicularis excision | Corneal and tear film, TBUT and Schirmer's tests | 20 (40) | 57 | Orbicularis excision during blepharoplasty causes temporary decrease in TBUT and more occurrences of reversible dry eye symptoms |
Nalci et al. (2020) [20] | To evaluate the impact of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on CS in dermatochalasis patients | Prospective | Skin-only blepharoplasty | CS measured using sine-wave contrast sensitivity chart, corneal topography | 34 (34) | 63 | CS significantly increased after upper eyelid blepharoplasty, especially at higher spatial frequencies (3, 6, 12, and 18 cpd), which are usually reduced in older adults Keratometric and corneal HOAs did not change significantly |
Bhattacharjee et al. (2020) [21] | To analyze the long-term changes in CS and HOAs, and corneal topography after upper eyelid blepharoplasty | Prospective | Excess skin and fat pad excision | CS: Pelli–Robson chart HOAs: WaveLight Allergio analyzer Corneal topography: topographic modeling system-4 | 30 (60) | 56 | At 12 months, the mean CS, the majority of HOAs, and corneal topography (only cylinder) showed a stable, statistically significant difference |
Ekin and Ugurlu (2020) [22] | To evaluate the changes of VA, CS, astigmatism, and HOA after blepharoplasty | Prospective | Excess skin and fat pad excision | Corneal topography (Sirius) | 103 (206) | 56.7 | No significant differences were observed for VA. The CS significantly increased at all spatial frequencies both under glare and nonglare conditions. The mean refractive astigmatism significantly decreased. In patients with MRD < 2 mm, mean CS was increased and mean astigmatism decreased significantly compared with those with ⩾ 2 mm. HOA and root mean square decreased significantly |
Sommer et al. (2022) [4] | To investigate the effect of skin-only upper eyelid blepharoplasty on corneal biomechanics and topographic parameters | Prospective | Excision of redundant skin orbicularis muscle and fat | The corneal resistance factor and corneal hysteresis were assessed by ocular response analyzer Pentacam | 35 (42) | 64.5 | The increasing CH and CRF might indicate a rise of corneal damping capacity. Despite statistically significant differences of Kmax, I-S and ISV, all other tomographical/ topographical parameters did not change. The corneal steepening and the decrease of I-S do not seem to have a clinically relevance |
Author (year) | Aim | Design | Intervention | Methods | Cases (eyes) | Mean age | Outcomes |
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Brown et al. (1998) [23] | To evaluate corneal curvature changes after ptosis or blepharoplasty surgeries | Prospective | Anterior levator surgery, tarso-myectomy, conjunctiva-mullerectomy, sling | Standard keratometry and Corneal video-keratography | 22 (42) | 58 | Repositioning of the upper eyelid causes visually significant astigmatic change (30% in ptosis group had ≥ 1D change in astigmatism vs 11% in the blepharoplasty group) |
Ugurbas and Zilelioglu [8] (1999) | To determine the effect of congenital ptosis on corneal shape and the development of amblyopia | Cross-sectional | - | Topographic Modelling System | 22 (44) | 15.5 | Ptotic eyes had an increased incidence of bow tie pattern astigmatism, corneal asymmetry, and corneal irregularity. Lack of mirror-image symmetry with the fellow eye was higher in amblyopic eyes |
Kumar et al. (2013) [24] | To analyze the effect of congenital unilateral ptosis on the ocular HOA | Prospective case series | - | Topography, HOA with Zywave workstation, Schirmer’s test, Break up time and corneal staining | 16 (16) | 12.5 | There was significant difference noted in the mean 6 mm Zernicke coefficients and total RMS between the ptosis and the fellow eyes. Total coma aberration correlated with BCVA and MRD in the ptosis eyes. There was no correlation between the age and total RMS |
Ugurbas et al. (2014) [25] | Tear function tests and ocular surface are evaluated in patients who underwent unilateral surgery for mild to moderate ptosis | Prospective | MMCR | Dry eye questionnaire, Schirmer test, TBUT, vital staining, meibomian gland evaluation and conjunctival impression cytology | 16 (16) | 51 | There was no statistically significant change in the tear function tests and goblet cell densities after ptosis surgery |
Wee and Lee (2014) [26] | Clinical outcomes of MMCR in patients with mild to moderate ptosis and the effect of CMMR on DED | Retrospective | MMCR | Schirmer test, ocular surface disease index score, phenylephrine test | 30 (51) | 55.8 | CMMR may benefit patients with mild to moderate ptosis and even those with negative phenylephrine test responses. Goblet cell damage can worsen dry eye symptoms |
Fowler et al. (2015) [27] | To assess whether taped vs untaped CS testing reliably predicts improvement following eyelid-lifting surgery in patients with ptosis and/or dermatochalasis | Prospective | Levator resection, blepharoplasty | Mars near contrast card held at 40 cm under standard lighting conditions | 41 (78) | - | The mean preop untaped CS was 1.30. The mean preop taped and postop log CS were 1.52 (11.85% increase) and 1.51 (11.44% increase), respectively. The difference between the 2 groups was not statistically significant |
Agrawal and Ravani (2016) [28] | To document the changes in astigmatism after ptosis correction | Prospective | Fasanellaservat surgery, levator resection and frontalis sling surgery | VA testing, ptosis evaluation, standardized keratometry with Bausch and Lomb keratometer | 30 | 4–12 | The average postop change in astigmatism was 0.43 which was statistically significant |
Karabulut and Fazil (2019) [29] | To evaluate corneal refractive and topographical changes after MMCR on mild ptosis | Retrospective | MMCR | Corneal topography (Sirius) | 28 (28) | 31 | BCVA and cycloplegic refraction did not change significantly. The mean change in corneal astigmatism, simK, SIf, and CCT did not show significant differences. Apical keratometry front showed a significant decrease at 3 and 6 months |
Youssef et al. (2020) [30] | To evaluate corneal topographic changes after ptosis surgery | Prospective | Levator resection/ frontalis sling surgeries | Computerized tomography (Sirius 3D rotating Scheimpflug & topography) | 30 (30) | 24.7 | 3 months postop, corneal astigmatism, average keratometry, and apical keratometry front demonstrated a significant reduction The BCVA improved but was statistically insignificant |
Gandhi et al. (2020) [31] | To evaluate the effect of frontalis sling surgery for congenital ptosis on corneal curvature and refractive status | Prospective | Frontalis Sling Surgery | Computerized topographer, IOL master, autorefractometer and AS-OCT | 48 (60) | 18 | 3 months postop, there was significant reduction of cylindrical by -0.36 D and improvement of BCVA by 0.24 ± 0.04 logMAR. Average keratometry did not change significantly. A greater reduction in astigmatism was noticed in the age group of 5–10 years |
Li et al. (2020) [7] | To study the difference in the corneal biomechanical parameters of ptotic and fellow eyes in patients with congenital blepharoptosis | Prospective | Levator resection (LF > 5 mm), frontalis suspension (LF ≤ 5 mm) | LenStar LS900, non-contact tonometer (NCT) and a Corvis ST tonometer | 29 (29) | 9.7 | The Corvis ST parameters (Deformation amplitude [DA], A1 times, and A1 velocity), central corneal thickness (CCT), and IOP with NCT differed significantly between ptotic and fellow eyes. CCT was positively correlated with Length A1 and IOP with Corvis in ptotic eyes |
Numata et al. (2021) [32] | To evaluate the corneal topographic changes after ptosis correction with and without deepening of the upper eyelid sulcus | Retrospective | Levator resection surgery | VA: logMAR. Corneal topography was measured using AS-OCT | 23 (23) | 70 | Eyes with deepening of the upper eyelid sulcus blepharoptosis, surgery can change keratometry, cylinder and HOA which can improve the visual function |
Mohammed et al. (2021) [28] | To evaluate corneal topographic changes after eyelid ptosis surgery | Prospective | Levator resection | Corneal topography (Sirius) | 50 | 20.7 | Flattening of superior cornea shown by significant decrease in apical keratometry front |
Assadi et al. (2021) [33] | To evaluate the changes in corneal topography, cycloplegic refraction, and BCVA after ptosis correction surgery in patients with congenital ptosis | Prospective | Isolated congenital ptosis: frontalis sling surgery. Marcus Gunn Jaw Winking Syndrome: LPS disinsertion with frontalis sling surgery | Orbscan 3 | 21 (27) | 11.6 | A significant decrease in steepest K was noted postop. Inferior K also decreased significantly. However, change in I-S asymmetry was not significant. Variation in BCVA and cycloplegic sphere and cylinder was minimal. Sim K astigmatism, surface regularity index, I-S asymmetry and central corneal thickness did not show significant variation |
Mongkolareepong et al. (2021) [34] | To evaluate the predictive factors of postop corneal astigmatism change after ptosis surgical repair | Retrospective | Congenital: supra maximal levator resection Acquired: levator resection | Nidek Tonoref II Autorefractor Keratometer | 28 (42) | 16.7 | A significant postop corneal astigmatism change was only observed in a subgroup of eyes with preop astigmatism of ≥ 1.5 D. 72.2% of these eyes showed a reduction of astigmatism with a mean change of 0.65 D |
Abdel Rahman et al. (2022) [35] | To evaluate the corneal topographic changes after levator resection surgery | Prospective | Transcutaneous levator muscle resection | Topography, Snellen chart and TBUT | 20 (20) | 6.5 | K1, K2, and astigmatism were reduced but not significantly |
Ceylan et al. (2022) [36] | To evaluate the effect of upper eyelid surgery on ocular surface and corneal topography | Prospective | Group 1: upper eyelid blepharoplasty Group 2: upper eyelid blepharoplasty and levator advancement ptosis surgery Group 3: levator advancement ptosis surgery | TBUT, ocular surface disease index, Schirmer’s, Autorefractometry and corneal topography (Oculus Pentacam HR) | 20 (32) | 44 | Schirmer test results decreased significantly at 6 months in groups 1 and 2. TBUT values decreased at 1 week in group 3 but returned to baseline at 1 month. Corneal punctate staining was detected at day one and week one in all groups. Group 3 showed a significant change in K2 values at one month |
Main Text
Corneal optics
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Preoperative corneal astigmatism: If above 1.5 D, it will have a greater effect in reducing astigmatism after ptosis correction surgery [29].