Introduction
Background
Aims
Methods
Subjects
Demographics | Mean (SD) a Median (IQR) b | |
Age (years) | 50 (18) b | |
Height (cm) | 171 (8.6) a | |
Weight (kg) | 85.0 (19.8) a | |
BMI (kg / m^2) | 28.8 (6.3) a | |
BMI categories | 28 normal weight (BMI < 25), 37 overweight (25 < BMI < 30), 34 obese (BMI > 30) | |
Duration of symptoms (months) | 10 (30) b,c | |
Physical activity scale d | Previous Physical Activity Level (N) | Current Physical Activity level (n) |
1 – Hardly any physical activity | 1 | 4 |
2—Mostly sitting, sometimes a walk, easy gardening or similar tasks | 5 | 6 |
3- Light physical exercise around 2–4 h a week, e.g. walks, fishing, dancing, ordinary gardening, including walks to and from shops | 13 | 16 |
4—Moderate exercise 1–2 h a week, e.g. jogging, swimming, gymnastics, heavier gardening, home-repairing or easier physical activities more than 4 h a week | 16 | 15 |
5 – Moderate exercise at least 3 h a week, e.g. tennis, swimming, jogging, etc | 22 | 29 |
6—Hard or very hard regularly and several times a week, where the physical exertion is great, e.g. jogging, skiing | 42 | 29 |
Previous tendon injuries | Number of individuals | |
Pain/Stiffness | 14 | |
Tendinitis | 8 | |
Minor traumatic injury | 4 | |
Previous medical Diagnoses | Number of Individuals | |
Heart condition | 7 | |
Hypertension | 16 | |
Type-2 Diabetes | 1 | |
Rheumatologic disease | 2 | |
Thyroid disorder | 9 | |
Other non-specified diagnoses | 15 | |
Medications within the last 6 months | Number of Individuals | |
Fluoroquinolones | 6 | |
Oral corticosteroids | 4 | |
Statins | 11 |
Data collection procedure
Patient reported outcome measures
Health markers
Achilles tendon ultrasound measures
Clinical examination
Functional measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable selection
Factor analysis
Factor labels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biopsychosocial | Lower extremity function | Body size | Load tolerance | Tendon structure | |
Pain catastrophizing scale | 0.83 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.03 | -0.09 |
PROMIS Social roles & activities | -0.75 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.15 | 0.07 |
PROMIS anxiety | 0.74 | 0.07 | -0.09 | -0.08 | -0.03 |
PROMIS pain interference | 0.71 | -0.11 | 0.19 | 0.17 | -0.02 |
PROMIS fatigue | 0.66 | -0.01 | -0.23 | -0.04 | 0.13 |
CSI | 0.64 | -0.11 | -0.23 | -0.02 | 0.02 |
PROMIS depression | 0.64 | -0.02 | -0.10 | -0.21 | -0.11 |
FAOS quality of life | -0.60 | -0.09 | -0.11 | -0.26 | 0.03 |
PROMIS sleep disturbances | 0.60 | -0.16 | -0.03 | -0.07 | -0.01 |
FAOS Sports | -0.53 | -0.11 | -0.13 | -0.20 | 0.04 |
TSK | 0.51 | 0.11 | 0.28 | -0.04 | -0.06 |
VISA-A | -0.50 | 0.21 | -0.01 | -0.33 | -0.06 |
PROMIS physical function | -0.47 | 0.11 | -0.12 | -0.24 | -0.21 |
Achilles tendon resting angle with knee flexed | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.04 |
Factor labels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biopsychosocial | Lower extremity function | Body size | Load tolerance | Tendon structure | |
Drop-CMJ height | 0.01 | 0.89 | 0.018 | -0.02 | -0.07 |
CMJ height | -0.07 | 0.86 | -0.06 | 0.04 | -0.11 |
Hop height | -0.07 | 0.77 | -0.14 | -0.09 | -0.01 |
HR work | -0.01 | 0.73 | -0.01 | 0.14 | 0.02 |
HR reps | -0.01 | 0.51 | -0.42 | 0.14 | -0.02 |
Age | -0.11 | -0.50 | -0.10 | -0.20 | 0.37 |
Height | 0.04 | 0.49 | 0.43 | -0.26 | 0.33 |
Gast length | -0.04 | 0.42 | 0.13 | -0.17 | 0.31 |
Resting heart rate | -0.17 | -0.38 | 0.12 | 0.05 | -0.17 |
Physical activity level | -0.26 | 0.35 | -0.24 | 0.12 | -0.14 |
Factor Labels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biopsychosocial | Lower extremity function | Body size | Load tolerance | Tendon structure | |
Weight | -0.04 | -0.04 | 0.96 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
BMI | -0.06 | -0.28 | 0.83 | 0.13 | -0.08 |
Medial Gastrocnemius CSA | -0.03 | 0.10 | 0.76 | 0.03 | -0.07 |
Lateral Gastrocnemius CSA | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.62 | -0.19 | 0.04 |
Systolic blood pressure | 0.04 | -0.12 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Heel raise pain | -0.09 | -0.11 | 0.35 | 0.27 | -0.20 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 0.03 | -0.23 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Factor Labels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biopsychosocial | Lower extremity function | Body size | Load tolerance | Tendon structure | |
Weight | -0.04 | -0.04 | 0.96 | 0.00 | 0.11 |
BMI | -0.06 | -0.28 | 0.83 | 0.13 | -0.08 |
Medial Gastrocnemius CSA | -0.03 | 0.10 | 0.76 | 0.03 | -0.07 |
Lateral Gastrocnemius CSA | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.62 | -0.19 | 0.04 |
Systolic blood pressure | 0.04 | -0.12 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Heel raise pain | -0.09 | -0.11 | 0.35 | 0.27 | -0.20 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 0.03 | -0.23 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Factor labels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biopsychosocial | Lower extremity function | Body size | Load tolerance | Tendon structure | |
Hop Pain | -0.03 | 0.07 | -0.04 | 0.97 | 0.02 |
CMJ Pain | 0.01 | -0.04 | -0.02 | 0.85 | 0.08 |
Drop-CMJ Pain | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.77 | -0.05 |
Factor labels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Biopsychosocial | Lower extremity function | Body size | Load tolerance | Tendon structure | |
Thickness of the soleus muscle | 0.10 | -0.11 | 0.21 | 0.15 | -0.20 |
Viscosity | 0.30a | -0.03 | -0.05 | -0.21 | -0.23 |