Background
Materials and methods
Inclusion and exclusion standard
Search strategy
Data extraction
Quality assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Literature search
Characteristics of the included studies
First author | Year | Gender | Age | Comparison | Sample size | Scale | Treatment time | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yuan JJ | 2022 | male:8, female:6/male:9, female:5 | 14.28 ± 1.73/13.92 ± 1.89 | MBCT/Health education | 14/14 | IAT | 7d | |
Lu ZJ | 2021 | male:7, female:10/male:7, female:9 | not mentioned | Placebo(non-intervention)/Group psychotherapy | 17/16 | IAT | 5w | |
Zhong YH | 2020 | male:19, female:13/male:22, female:10 | 20.23 ± 4.50/21.62 ± 3.72 | rTMS/Placebo(non-intervention) | 32/32 | IAT | 4w | |
2020 | male:19, female:13/male:22, female:10 | 20.23 ± 4.50/21.62 ± 3.72 | rTMS/Placebo(non-intervention) | 32/32 | VAS | 4w | ||
Zhang LB | 2018 | male:20, female:13/male:19, female:14 | 17.15 ± 2.00/17.18 ± 1.78 | Psychotherapy (CBT)/Health education | 30/30 | IAT | 12w | |
Cheng GJS | 2017 | male:21, female:4/male:23, female:2 | 15.37 ± 2.31/16.03 ± 1.72 | EEG biofeedback/Group psychotherapy | 25/25 | IAT | 12w | |
Yu YG | 2017 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Exercise therapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 26/26 | IAT | 8w | |
Li M | 2014 | not mentioned | 15.41 ± 1.47/15.62 ± 1.78 | Exercise therapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 27/24 | IAT | 10w | |
Zhang CS | 2013 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Exercise therapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 30/30 | IAT | 16w | |
Yang Y | 2013 | not mentioned | 20.13 ± 1.77/21.65 ± 2.36 | Electro-acupuncture/Group psychotherapy | 15/14 | IAT | 6w | |
Wang QZ | 2012 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Psychotherapy (CBT)/Health education | 36/36 | IAT | 12w | |
Zhu TM | 2011 | male:24, female:15/male:24, female:1/male:25, female:12 | 21.00 ± 1.97/22.53 ± 2.26/ ± 22.41 ± 2.10 | Electro-acupuncture/Psychotherapy(CBT)/ Electro-acupuncture + CBT | 39/36/37 | IAT | 3w | |
2011 | male:24, female:15/male:24, female:1/male:25, female:12 | 21.00 ± 1.97/22.53 ± 2.26/ ± 22.41 ± 2.10 | Electro-acupuncture/Psychotherapy(CBT)/ Electro-acupuncture + CBT | 39/36/37 | VAS | 3w | ||
Zheng WF | 2007 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 30/31 | IAT | 8w | |
Chen J | 2022 | not mentioned | not mentioned | rTMS + CBT/Psychotherapy(CBT) | 23/22 | IAT | 8w | |
2022 | not mentioned | not mentioned | rTMS + CBT/Psychotherapy(CBT) | 23/22 | VAS | 8w | ||
Peng WX | 2015 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 28/28 | IAT | 8w | |
Gao J | 2012 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Exercise therapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 35/34 | IAT | 12w | |
Yao LH | 2012 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 19/19 | IAT | 12w | |
Duan SL | 2012 | male:7, female:4/male:7, female:4 | not mentioned | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 11/11 | IAT | 13w | |
Zhang W | 2022 | not mentioned | 19.61 ± 1.19/19.39 ± 1.73 | Placebo(non-intervention)/Exercise therapy | 23/23 | IAT | 12w | |
Yang WJ | 2022 | male:6, female:16/male:7, female:14 | 19.9 ± 0.8/19.5 ± 0.8 | Placebo(non-intervention)/Group psychotherapy | 22/21 | IAT | 1w | |
Alavi SS | 2021 | male:14, female:4/male:17, female:6 | 21.7 ± 4.2/21.04 ± 3.7 | Group psychotherapy/Psychotherapy(CBT) | 18/23 | IAT | 12w | |
Peng W | 2021 | male:24, female:12/male:25, female:12/male:24, female:15 | 22.53 ± 2.26/22.41 ± 2.10/21.00 ± 1.97 | Psychotherapy(CBT)/Electro-acupuncture + CBT/Electro-acupuncture | 36/37/39 | IAT | 6w | |
Yang Y | 2017 | male:13, female:2/male:13, female:1 | 21.13 ± 1.30/21.65 ± 2.36 | Electro-acupuncture/Group psychotherapy | 15/14 | IAT | 6w | |
Li H | 2017 | not mentioned | 22.5 ± 2.3/21.0 ± 2.0/22.5 ± 2.0 | Psychotherapy(CBT)/Electro-acupuncture/ Electro-acupuncture + CBT | 36/39/37 | IAT | 6w | |
Sun JJ | 2022 | not mentioned | 17.36 ± 3.98/18.90 ± 4.45 | rTMS/Placebo(non-intervention) | 31/30 | CIAS | 2w | |
2022 | not mentioned | 17.36 ± 3.98/18.90 ± 4.45 | rTMS/Placebo(non-intervention) | 31/30 | VAS | 2w | ||
Chen D | 2021 | male:24, female:12/male:26, female:12 | 16.89 ± 1.43/16.52 ± 1.26 | Health education/Group psychotherapy | 36/38 | CIAS | 8w | |
Song GY | 2020 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Placebo(non-intervention)/Group psychotherapy | 60/60 | CIAS | 20w | |
Li R | 2020 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Psychotherapy(CBT)/Group psychotherapy | 12/12 | CIAS | 8w | |
Chen AW | 2020 | male:35, female:10/male:36, female:9 | 14.83 ± 2.46/14.95 ± 2.51 | Health education/Group psychotherapy | 45/45 | CIAS-R | 8w | |
Xu ZX | 2018 | male:16, female:4/male:14, female:6 | 13.3 ± 1.3/14.0 ± 1.0 | Health education/Group psychotherapy | 20/20 | CIAS | 4w | |
Chen SZ | 2018 | male:34, female:18/male:36, female:16 | 16.01 ± 1.45/16.15 ± 1.42 | Psychotherapy(CBT)/Group psychotherapy | 52/52 | CIAS | / | |
Tang RZH | 2018 | male:18, female:6/male:23, female:4/male:22, female:4 | 22.63 ± 5.23/22.04 ± 7.54/21.54 ± 5.77 | Electro-acupuncture/Psychotherapy(CBT)/ Electro-acupuncture + CBT | 24/27/26 | CIAS-R | 8w | |
2018 | male:18, female:6/male:23, female:4/male:22, female:4 | 22.63 ± 5.23/22.04 ± 7.54/21.54 ± 5.77 | Electro-acupuncture/Psychotherapy (CBT)/Electro-acupuncture + CBT | 24/27/26 | VAS | 8w | ||
Zhao ST | 2016 | male:59, female:6/male:58, female:7 | 16.2 ± 4.1/16.5 ± 3.6 | Health education/Group psychotherapy | 65/65 | CIAS | 16w | |
Zhou M | 2015 | male:7, female:11/male:8, female:10 | 20.88 ± 1.13/20.38 ± 1.41 | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 18/18 | CIAS-R | 8w | |
Wu ZX | 2015 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 15/15 | CIAS | 8w | |
Ming LJ | 2014 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Psychotherapy (CBT)/Placebo(non-intervention) | 60/60 | CIAS | 10w | |
Zhang XF | 2013 | not mentioned | 19.83 ± 1.07/20.1 ± 1.07 | Health education/MBCT | 42/42 | CIAS | 1w | |
Lv WQ | 2012 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 26/26 | CIAS | 6w | |
Chen ZZ | 2011 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 14/23 | CIAS-R | 7w | |
Li G | 2009 | male:35, female:3/male:33, female:5 | 17 ± 4/16 ± 4 | Psychotherapy(CBT)/Placebo(non-intervention) | 38/38 | CIAS | 8-10w | |
Wang GR | 2008 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 24/24 | CIAS | 12w | |
Cao FL | 2007 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Group psychotherapy/Health education | 26/31 | CIAS | 8w | |
Bai Y | 2007 | male:20, female:4/male:20, female:4 | 19 ± 2/19 ± 2 | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 24/24 | CIAS | 4w | |
Zhao Y | 2022 | male:35, female:15/male:33, female:17 | 15.16 ± 2.18/15.25 ± 2.12 | Health education/Group psychotherapy | 50/50 | CIAS-R | 12w | |
Liu X | 2021 | male:47, female:14/male:44, female:16 | 15.3 ± 0.8/15.2 ± 0.8 | Health education/MBCT | 61/60 | CIAS | 8w | |
Deng LY | 2017 | not mentioned | 21.86 ± 1.90/22.05 ± 1.81 | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 44/19 | CIAS | 6w | |
2017 | not mentioned | 21.86 ± 1.90/22.05 ± 1.81 | Group psychotherapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 44/19 | VAS | 6w | ||
Liu D | 2013 | not mentioned | 20.3 ± 0.9/20.3 ± 1.0 | Group psychotherapy/Health education | 16/15 | IAT | 12w | |
Tang RZH | 2017 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Psychotherapy(CBT)/Electro-acupuncture/ Electro-acupuncture + CBT | 20/23/21 | VAS | 4w | |
Zhang Y | 2016 | male:25, female:9/male:27, female:7 | 17.21 ± 2.12/16.44 ± 3.53 | Electro-acupuncture/Placebo(non-intervention) | 34/34 | VAS | 6w | |
Zhang HL | 2011 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Exercise therapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 18/18 | IAT | 12w | |
Deng YQ | 2014 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Exercise therapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 24/24 | CIAS | 10w | |
Fu YS | 2016 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Exercise therapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 42/42 | IAT | 16w | |
Yang CY | 2017 | male:12, female:14/male:13, female:13 | 19.6 ± 1.2/19.7 ± 1.4 | Exercise therapy/Placebo(non-intervention) | 26/26 | CIAS | 16w | |
Ji W | 2017 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Exercise therapy/Health education | 10/10 | IAT | 12w | |
Qiu JM | 2022 | male:20, female:20/male:20, female:20 | 15.64 ± 1.68/15.59 ± 1.71 | Drug/Drug + others | 40/40 | CIAS-R | 8w | |
Zhou XH | 2016 | male:28, female:4/male:29, female:3 | not mentioned | Drug + others/Health education | 32/32 | CIAS-R | 8w | |
Song HQ | 2017 | not mentioned | 13.90 ± 1.37/14.08 ± 1.49 | Drug/Drug + others | 20/20 | IAT | 16w | |
Wang DP | 2014 | not mentioned | not mentioned | Psychotherapy (CBT)/Drug + others | 38/36 | CIAS | 8w |
Risk of bias assessment (Fig. 2)
Network meta-analysis
Network figure
Analysis result
Interventions | Drug + others | Drug | rTMS + CBT | Electro-acupuncture + CBT | EEG biofeedback | rTMS | Electro-acupuncture | Exercise therapy | Group psychotherapy | Psychotherapy/CBT | MBCT | Health education |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
drug | -2.12 (-3.53,-0.70) | |||||||||||
rTMS + CBT | 2.92 (-0.44,6.29) | 5.04 (1.39,8.69) | ||||||||||
electro-acupuncture + CBT | -1.01 (-3.64,1.62) | 1.11 (-1.88,4.09) | -3.93 (-6.28,-1.58) | |||||||||
EEG biofeedback | -1.35 (-4.86,2.16) | 0.77 (-3.01,4.55) | -4.27 (-7.58,-0.96) | -0.34 (-2.89,2.21) | ||||||||
rTMS | -0.89 (-3.92,2.14) | 1.22 (-2.12,4.57) | -3.82 (-6.61,-1.02) | 0.12 (-1.72,1.96) | 0.46 (-1.81,2.72) | |||||||
electro-acupuncture | -3.42 (-6.87,0.04) | -1.30 (-5.03,2.43) | -6.34 (-9.59,-3.09) | -2.41 (-4.89,0.07) | -2.07 (-4.88,0.74) | -2.52 (-4.71,-0.34) | ||||||
exercise therapy | -1.54 (-4.47,1.40) | 0.58 (-2.68,3.84) | -4.46 (-7.15,-1.77) | -0.53 (-2.21,1.15) | -0.19 (-2.33,1.95) | -0.65 (-1.84,0.55) | 1.88 (-0.17,3.93) | |||||
group psychotherapy | -1.93 (-4.84,0.97) | 0.19 (-3.05,3.42) | -4.85 (-7.51,-2.19) | -0.92 (-2.55,0.71) | -0.58 (-2.55,1.38) | -1.04 (-2.16,0.09) | 1.49 (-0.52,3.50) | -0.39 (-1.23,0.45) | ||||
psychotherapy/CBT | -1.85 (-4.37,0.67) | 0.27 (-2.62,3.16) | -4.77 (-7.00,-2.54) | -0.84 (-1.58,-0.10) | -0.50 (-2.94,1.94) | -0.96 (-2.64,0.73) | 1.57 (-0.80,3.94) | -0.31 (-1.82,1.20) | 0.08 (-1.37,1.54) | |||
MBCT | -2.36 (-4.74,0.03) | -0.24 (-3.01,2.53) | -5.28 (-8.16,-2.40) | -1.35 (-3.32,0.62) | -1.01 (-4.06,2.04) | -1.46 (-3.95,1.02) | 1.06 (-1.93,4.05) | -0.82 (-3.19,1.55) | -0.43 (-2.76,1.91) | -0.51 (-2.33,1.32) | ||
health education | -4.25 (-6.34,-2.17) | -2.14 (-4.66,0.39) | -7.17 (-9.82,-4.53) | -3.24 (-4.84,-1.65) | -2.90 (-5.73,-0.08) | -3.36 (-5.56,-1.16) | -0.84 (-3.59,1.92) | -2.71 (-4.78,-0.64) | -2.32 (-4.35,-0.30) | -2.40 (-3.82,-0.99) | -1.90 (-3.05,-0.74) | |
placebo/non-intervention | -2.26 (-3.26,-1.26) | 0.26 (-1.68,2.20) | -2.05 (-4.52,0.41) | -1.83 (-4.31,0.65) | -1.62 (-2.28,-0.95) | -1.22 (-1.74,-0.71) | -1.16 (-3.02,0.69) | -1.31 (-2.67,0.05) | -0.80 (-3.07,1.48) | 1.10 (-0.86,3.06) | -1.03 (-4.03,1.96) | 0.84 (-1.33,3.02) |
Rank
ID and rank | Treatment | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
placebo/non-intervention | health-education | MBCT | psychotherapy/CBT | group-psychotherapy | exercise-therapy | electro-acupuncture | rTMS | EEG-biofeedback | electro-acupuncture + CBT | rTMS + CBT | drug | drug + others | |
Best | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 94.6 | 0.0 | 4.8 |
2nd | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 15.7 | 12.5 | 9.0 | 4.6 | 0.5 | 56.1 |
3rd | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 5.1 | 0.3 | 24.4 | 15.0 | 22.8 | 0.6 | 13.8 | 14.5 |
4th | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 12.4 | 0.4 | 22.3 | 12.7 | 24.5 | 0.1 | 8.9 | 7.2 |
5th | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 10.0 | 6.6 | 18.3 | 0.9 | 16.8 | 10.7 | 18.1 | 0.1 | 7.5 | 5.0 |
6th | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.5 | 15.8 | 13.4 | 20.0 | 1.6 | 10.0 | 9.4 | 11.8 | 0.0 | 6.6 | 3.8 |
7th | 0.3 | 0.0 | 8.6 | 19.4 | 18.9 | 17.8 | 2.3 | 5.6 | 9.5 | 8.3 | 0.1 | 5.8 | 3.3 |
8th | 1.6 | 0.3 | 10.6 | 22.9 | 22.7 | 12.7 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 8.5 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 2.6 |
9th | 8.1 | 0.7 | 15.1 | 16.5 | 20.4 | 8.2 | 7.9 | 1.4 | 7.9 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 10.8 | 1.6 |
10th | 19.1 | 1.9 | 20.2 | 8.8 | 12.7 | 3.9 | 10.9 | 0.6 | 7.9 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 13.2 | 0.8 |
11th | 39.1 | 9.6 | 13.9 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 0.4 | 19.4 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.1 | 0.2 |
12th | 26.9 | 21.7 | 10.7 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 26.7 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 12.1 | 0.0 |
Worst | 4.8 | 65.9 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 25.2 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.5 | 0.0 |