Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Study population and variables
Statistical data analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Women’s background characteristics
Characteristic | DR Congo | Ethiopia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | % SB | MtSb (CI) | n (%) | % SB | MtSb (CI) | |
Fertility desired | 0.001*** | < .001*** | ||||
No more | 4014(28.9) | 95.7 | 34(33–34) | 3897(38.5) | 92.7 | 39(38–40) |
Wanted | 9191(66.2) | 75.0 | 34(33–34) | 5734(56.7) | 71.7 | 45(43–46) |
Undecided | 679(4.9) | 86.7 | 34(32–35) | 483(4.8) | 85.5 | 39(37–42) |
Contraceptive use | 0.289 | < .001*** | ||||
Never | 9180(66.1) | 81.2 | 33(33–34) | 5138(50.8) | 83.0 | 36(35–37) |
Formal | 2192(15.8) | 83.3 | 34(34–35) | 2103(20.8) | 80.0 | 48(46–50) |
Current | 2512(18.1) | 81.4 | 35(34–35) | 2873(28.4) | 76.3 | 53(51–55) |
Contraception/desire | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Never/no-more | 2574(18.5) | 94.9 | 33(32–34) | 1863(18.4) | 92.8 | 36(35–37) |
Never/want | 6102(43.9) | 75.0 | 33(33–34) | 2996(29.6) | 76.7 | 36(35–37) |
Never/undecided | 504(3.6) | 85.5 | 34(32–36) | 279(2.8) | 85.3 | 36(34–39) |
Former/no-more | 651(4.7) | 96.3 | 34(33–35) | 881(8.7) | 92.4 | 43(41–45) |
Former/want | 1443(10.4) | 76.8 | 34(33–35) | 1122(11.1) | 70.3 | 54(51–58) |
Former/undecided | 98(0.7) | 91.8 | 36(32–40) | 100(1.0) | 80.0 | 46(40–66) |
Current/no-more | 789(5.7) | 97.8 | 35(33–36) | 1153(11.4) | 92.9 | 43(41–46) |
Current/want | 1646(11.9) | 73.3 | 35(34–36) | 1616(16.0) | 63.5 | 65(60–70) |
Current/undecided | 77(0.6) | 88.3 | 30(26–34) | 104(1.0) | 91.3 | 44(38–53) |
Ethnicity++ | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Bakongo Nod and Sud | 1131(8.2) | 77.7 | 39(37–41) | |||
Bas-Kasai et Kwilu-Kwngo | 2195(15.8) | 81.0 | 35(34–36) | |||
Cuvette central | 1378(9.9) | 81.1 | 34(33–35) | |||
Ubangi et Itimbiri | 1712(12.3) | 81.1 | 33(32–34) | |||
Uele Lac Albert | 1255(9.0) | 78.0 | 33(32–35) | |||
Basele-K, Man. et Kivu | 2265(16.3) | 83.7 | 32(32–33) | |||
Kasai, Katanga, Tanganika | 3690(26.6) | 83.2 | 32(32–33) | |||
Lunda/others | 247(1.8) | 82.6 | 37(34–39) | |||
Amhara | 2189(21.7) | 74.4 | 59(57–61) | |||
Oromo | 2352(23.3) | 81.8 | 39(37–40) | |||
Tigrie | 1189(11.8) | 77.6 | 50(48–53) | |||
Affar | 708(7.0) | 82.5 | 32(30–34) | |||
Somalie | 1014(10.0) | 87.7 | 28(28–30) | |||
Guragie/others | 2651(26.2) | 82.4 | 41(40–42) | |||
Residence | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Urban | 4471(32.2) | 78.4 | 36(35–37) | 2694(26.6) | 68.9 | 64(61–68) |
Rural | 9413(67.8) | 83.0 | 33(32–33) | 7420(73.4) | 84.7 | 38(37–38) |
Religion+ | 0.102 | < .001*** | ||||
Christianity | 13,236(95.6) | 81.3 | 34(33–34) | 5654(55.9) | 77.5 | 49(48–50) |
Islam | 225(1.6) | 84.9 | 34(30–36) | 4328(42.8) | 84.2 | 35(34–35) |
Traditionalist/other | 386(2.8) | 88.3 | 33(31–34) | 132(1.3) | 86.4 | 35(33–40) |
Age at FB | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
< 20 | 8417(60.6) | 82.5 | 34(33–34) | 6336(62.6) | 85.9 | 40(39–41) |
20–24 | 4247(30.6) | 81.8 | 33(33–34) | 2904(28.7) | 74.6 | 44(43–46) |
≥ 25 | 1220(8.8) | 73.9 | 37(35–38) | 874(8.6) | 60.6 | 53(47–61) |
Wealth index | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Low | 5316(38.3) | 81.6 | 33(33–34) | 4088(40.4) | 85.2 | 35(35–36) |
Middle | 4658(33.5) | 84.1 | 33(32–33) | 2287(22.6) | 85.1 | 40(39–41) |
High | 3910(28.2) | 78.4 | 36(35–37) | 3739(37.0) | 72.5 | 57(54–59) |
Education | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
No education | 2952(21.3) | 87.6 | 33(33–34) | 6097(60.3) | 90.4 | 36(36–37) |
Primary | 5863(42.2) | 85.4 | 33(32–33) | 2688(26.6) | 70.0 | 53(51–56) |
Secondary | 4835(34.8) | 74.4 | 35(34–36) | 856(8.5) | 57.2 | 87(72–105) |
Higher | 234(1.7) | 56.8 | 47(38–52) | 473(4.7) | 53.9 | 111(82–144) |
Employment+ | 0.107 | < .001*** | ||||
Not working | 3231(23.3) | 74.5 | 34(33–35) | 6491(64.2) | 81.8 | 39(38–40) |
Working | 10,616(76.5) | 83.7 | 34(33–34) | 3623(35.8) | 78.1 | 47(46–48) |
Marital at FB | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Never married | 793(5.7) | 27.9 | 70(60–86) | 120(1.2) | 26.7 | na |
Married before FB | 11,673(84.1) | 84.1 | 33(33–33) | 9254(91.5) | 80.3 | 41(41–42) |
Married after FB | 1418(10.2) | 90.1 | 35(34–36) | 740(7.3) | 91.2 | 40(38–43) |
FB sex | 0.628 | 0.029* | ||||
Male | 6959(50.1) | 81.4 | 34(33–34) | 5259(52.0) | 79.5 | 42(41–43) |
Female | 6925(49.9) | 81.7 | 34(33–34) | 4855(48.0) | 81.5 | 41(40–43) |
FB survival | 0.491 | 0.017* | ||||
Dead | 951(6.8) | 77.8 | 30(29–32) | 503(5.0) | 80.5 | 34(32–38) |
Alive | 12,933(93.2) | 81.8 | 34(33–34) | 9611(95.0) | 80.5 | 42(41–43) |
Total | 13,884 | 81.5 | 34(33–34) | 10,114 | 80.5 | 42(41–42) |
Characteristic | Nigeria | South Africa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | % SB | MtSb (CI) | n (%) | % SB | MtSb (CI) | |
Fertility desired | 0.046* | < .001*** | ||||
No more | 9047(30.9) | 97.8 | 36(35–37) | 3877(64.2) | 80.1 | 64(62–66) |
Wanted | 18,283(62.4) | 76.6 | 34(34–35) | 1828(30.3) | 39.8 | 105(96–115) |
Undecided | 1966(6.7) | 90.9 | 35(34–36) | 334(5.5) | 54.8 | 83(74–93) |
Contraceptive use | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Never | 19,898(67.9) | 82.5 | 35(34–35) | 1350(22.4) | 64.5 | 78(73–84) |
Formal | 4643(15.8) | 86.6 | 37(36–37) | 1295(21.4) | 66.8 | 72(68–76) |
Current | 4755(16.2) | 88.5 | 35(34–36) | 3394(56.2) | 67.1 | 69(67–71) |
Contraception/desire | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Never/no-more | 5377(18.4) | 96.8 | 35(35–36) | 872(14.4) | 75.5 | 68(63–72) |
Never/want | 13,267(45.3) | 76.1 | 34(34–35) | 357(5.9) | 42.6 | 121(99–139) |
Never/undecided | 1254(4.3) | 89.4 | 34(33–35) | 121(2.0) | 50.4 | 97(84–124) |
Former/no-more | 1649(5.6) | 98.8 | 38(37–39) | 783(13.0) | 82.8 | 63(59–66) |
Former/want | 2626(9.0) | 78.2 | 36(35–37) | 447(7.4) | 40.0 | 124(98–143) |
Former/undecided | 368(1.3) | 91.3 | 37(35–39) | 65(1.1) | 58.5 | 95(70–116) |
Current/no-more | 2021(6.9) | 99.8 | 36(35–38) | 2222(36.8) | 81.0 | 63(60–65) |
Current/want | 2390(8.2) | 77.9 | 34(33–35) | 1024(17.0) | 38.7 | 93(82–103) |
Current/undecided | 344(1.2) | 95.9 | 36(33–38) | 148(2.5) | 56.8 | 71(62–82) |
Ethnicity | < .001*** | 0.003** | ||||
Hausa | 11,048(37.7) | 87.6 | 33(33–33) | |||
Igbo | 4220(14.4) | 82.1 | 34(33–34) | |||
Yoruba | 3619(12.4) | 81.3 | 41(40–42) | |||
Don’t know/others | 10,409(35.5) | 82.3 | 36(36–37) | |||
Black/African | 5259(87.1) | 65.8 | 72(70–74) | |||
White | 131(2.2) | 77.9 | 50(37–60) | |||
Coloured | 594(9.8) | 69.0 | 74(67–77) | |||
Indian/Asian/other | 55(0.9) | 74.5 | 69(49–87) | |||
Residence | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Urban | 10,970(37.4) | 82.9 | 36(36–37) | 3373(55.9) | 64.3 | 76(74–78) |
Rural | 18,326(62.6) | 84.9 | 34(34–35) | 2666(44.1) | 69.3 | 66(64–69) |
Religion | < .001*** | |||||
Christianity | 13,444(45.9) | 80.9 | 37(37–37) | |||
Islam | 15,582(53.2) | 87.0 | 34(33–34) | |||
Traditionalist/other | 270(0.9) | 84.4 | 33(31–35) | |||
Age at FB | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
< 20 | 16,601(56.7) | 87.8 | 35(34–35) | 2857(47.3) | 71.5 | 71(69–74) |
20–24 | 8509(29.0) | 81.6 | 35(35–36) | 2293(38.0) | 65.9 | 70(68–73) |
≥ 25 | 4186(14.3) | 74.8 | 36(35–37) | 889(14.7) | 52.0 | 77(70–84) |
Wealth index | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Low | 10,208(34.8) | 86.4 | 34(33–34) | 2168(35.9) | 69.2 | 64(62–67) |
Middle | 10,313(35.2) | 84.5 | 35(35–35) | 2139(35.4) | 66.6 | 72(69–75) |
High | 8775(30.0) | 81.0 | 37(37–38) | 1732(28.7) | 63.0 | 80(77–85) |
Education | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
No education | 12,207(41.7) | 89.0 | 33(33–34) | 158(2.6) | 87.3 | 55(50–62) |
Primary | 5210(17.8) | 89.9 | 36(35–37) | 697(11.5) | 83.8 | 58(55–63) |
Secondary | 9319(31.8) | 76.7 | 37(36–37) | 4547(75.3) | 64.3 | 74(71–76) |
Higher | 2560(8.7) | 76.3 | 37(36–38) | 637(10.5) | 57.8 | 78(71–84) |
Employment | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Not working | 8172(27.9) | 78.6 | 33(33–34) | 3702(61.3) | 63.4 | 67(66–70) |
Working | 21,124(72.1) | 86.3 | 36(35–36) | 2337(38.7) | 71.4 | 77(75–80) |
Marital at FB | < .001*** | < .001*** | ||||
Never married | 903(3.1) | 32.2 | 91(83–104) | 2956(48.9) | 52.3 | 82(79–85) |
Married before FB | 25,025(85.4) | 84.9 | 34(34–35) | 1297(21.5) | 77.6 | 60(58–62) |
Married after FB | 3368(11.5) | 92.6 | 37(37–38) | 1786(29.6) | 81.8 | 69(66–73) |
FB sex | 0.676 | 0.965 | ||||
Male | 15,019(51.3) | 84.0 | 35(35–35) | 3138(52.0) | 66.4 | 71(69–74) |
Female | 14,277(48.7) | 84.2 | 35(35–35) | 2901(48.0) | 66.5 | 72(69–75) |
FB survival | < .001*** | 0.488 | ||||
Dead | 1958(6.7) | 85.6 | 31(31–32) | 219(3.6) | 69.4 | 64(56–83) |
Alive | 27,338(93.3) | 84.0 | 35(35–35) | 5820(96.4) | 66.4 | 71(70–74) |
Total | 29,296 | 84.1/0! | 35(35–35) | 6039 | 66.5 | 71(70–73) |
The pattern of SBI by fertility desire and contraceptive use
Influence of fertility desire and contraception on time to second childbirth
Characteristic | DR Congo | Ethiopia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Crude model | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
HR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | |
Fertility desired | ||||||
No more (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Wanted | 0.93(0.89,0.96)c | 0.93(0.89,0.96)c | 0.93(0.89,0.97)c | 0.64(0.62,0.67)c | 0.64(0.61,0.67)c | 0.64(0.61,0.67)c |
Undecided | 0.92(0.84,1.00) | 0.92(0.84,1.00)a | 0.92(0.84,1.00) | 0.87(0.78,0.96)b | 0.84(0.76,0.93)c | 0.80(0.72,0.89)c |
Contraceptive use | ||||||
Never | 1.03(0.98,1.08) | 1.03(0.98,1.09) | 0.88(0.84,0.93)c | 1.46(1.38,1.53)c | 1.45(1.37,1.52)c | 1.02(0.96,1.08) |
Formal | 1.00(0.94,1.06) | 1.00(0.94,1.07) | 0.92(0.86,0.98)b | 1.08(1.02,1.15)a | 1.06(1.00,1.13) | 1.02(0.95,1.08) |
Current (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Bakongo Nod&Sud (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Bas-Kasai et Kwilu-Kwngo | 1.20(1.10,1.30)c | 1.10(1.01,1.20)a | ||||
Cuvette central | 1.26(1.15,1.38)c | 1.12(1.02,1.23)a | ||||
Ubangi et Itimbiri | 1.35(1.24,1.46)c | 1.21(1.11,1.33)c | ||||
Uele Lac Albert | 1.20(1.10,1.32)c | 1.09(0.99,1.20) | ||||
Basele-K, Man. et Kivu | 1.45(1.33,1.57)c | 1.33(1.22,1.44)c | ||||
Kasai, Katanga,Tanganika | 1.49(1.38,1.60)c | 1.33(1.23,1.44)c | ||||
Lunda/others | 1.22(1.05,1.42)a | 1.14(0.98,1.33) | ||||
Amhara (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Oromo | 1.51(1.41,1.61)c | 1.38(1.29,1.49)c | ||||
Tigrie | 1.15(1.06,1.24)b | 1.17(1.08,1.27)c | ||||
Affar | 1.88(1.71,2.06)c | 1.39(1.24,1.56)c | ||||
Somalie | 2.31(2.12,2.50)c | 1.91(1.73,2.11)c | ||||
Guragie/others | 1.46(1.37,1.56)c | 1.44(1.35,1.54)c | ||||
Residence | ||||||
Urban (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Rural | 1.28(1.23,1.33)c | 1.15(1.09,1.22)c | 1.82(1.73,1.92)c | 1.21(1.12,1.30)c | ||
Religion | ||||||
Christianity (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Islam | 1.08(0.93,1.24) | 0.98(0.84,1.13) | 1.50(1.44,1.57)c | 1.15(1.08,1.21)c | ||
Traditionalist/other | 1.11(1.00,1.24) | 1.04(0.94,1.16) | 1.54(1.28,1.85)c | 1.23(1.01,1.48)a | ||
Age at FB | ||||||
< 20 (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
20–24 | 1.04(0.99,1.08) | 1.06(1.01,1.10)b | 0.77(0.74,0.81)c | 0.88(0.84,0.93)c | ||
≥ 25 | 0.78(0.73,0.84)c | 0.82(0.77,0.88)c | 0.56(0.51,0.61)c | 0.73(0.66,0.79)c | ||
Wealth index | ||||||
Low (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle | 1.04(0.99,1.08) | 1.03(0.99,1.08) | 0.87(0.82,0.92)c | 0.99(0.93,1.05) | ||
High | 0.80(0.76,0.83)c | 0.97(0.91,1.04) | 0.57(0.54,0.60)c | 0.95(0.88,1.02) | ||
Education | ||||||
No education (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Primary | 1.07(1.02,1.12)b | 1.08(1.03,1.14)b | 0.53(0.50,0.56)c | 0.63(0.60,0.67)c | ||
Secondary | 0.85(0.80,0.89)c | 0.96(0.90,1.02) | 0.37(0.33,0.40)c | 0.53(0.48,0.58)c | ||
Higher | 0.49(0.41,0.58)c | 0.71(0.59,0.85)c | 0.33(0.29,0.37)c | 0.53(0.46,0.61)c | ||
Employment | ||||||
Not working (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Working | 1.04(0.99,1.09) | 0.98(0.93,1.02) | 0.81(0.77,0.85)c | 0.95(0.90,0.99)a | ||
Marital at FB | ||||||
Never married (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Married before FB | 3.30(2.88,3.77)c | 2.88(2.52,3.30)c | 5.43(3.84,7.68)c | 3.94(2.78,5.58)c | ||
Married after FB | 2.72(2.36,3.14)c | 2.49(2.16,2.88)c | 6.47(4.54,9.23)c | 4.42(3.09,6.31)c | ||
FB sex | ||||||
Male (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Female | 1.01(0.97,1.05) | 1.05(1.00,1.10)a | 1.06(1.02,1.11)b | |||
FB survival | ||||||
Dead | 0.97(0.90,1.05) | 1.13(1.02,1.25)a | 1.02(0.92,1.12) | |||
Alive (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Deviance (−2ll) | 193,721.0b | 191,553.4c | 139,264.8c | 137,602.6c |
Characteristic | Nigeria | South Africa | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Crude model | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
HR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | |
Fertility desired | ||||||
No more (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Wanted | 1.02(0.99,1.05) | 1.02(0.99,1.05) | 1.00(0.97,1.03) | 0.50(0.46,0.54)c | 0.51(0.47,0.55)c | 0.51(0.47,0.55)c |
Undecided | 1.07(1.01,1.12)a | 1.07(1.01,1.12)a | 1.03(0.98,1.08) | 0.73(0.62,0.84)c | 0.76(0.65,0.88)c | 0.74(0.64,0.86)c |
Contraceptive use | ||||||
Never | 0.97(0.93,1.00) | 0.96(0.93,1.00)a | 0.80(0.77,0.83)c | 0.75(0.69,0.81)c | 0.77(0.71,0.83)c | 0.76(0.70,0.82)c |
Formal | 0.88(0.84,0.92)c | 0.88(0.84,0.92)c | 0.84(0.81,0.88)c | 0.85(0.79,0.92)c | 0.91(0.84,0.98)a | 0.90(0.83,0.97)b |
Current (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Hausa (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Igbo | 0.78(0.75,0.81)c | 1.06(1.00,1.13)a | ||||
Yoruba | 0.62(0.60,0.65)c | 0.77(0.73,0.81)c | ||||
Don’t know/others | 0.73(0.71,0.75)c | 0.89(0.85,0.92)c | ||||
Black/African (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
White | 1.45(1.19,1.76)c | 1.53(1.24,1.88)c | ||||
Coloured | 0.99(0.89,1.10) | 1.05(0.94,1.17) | ||||
Indian/Asian/other | 1.00(0.74,1.36) | 1.09(0.80,1.49) | ||||
Residence | ||||||
Urban (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Rural | 1.16(1.13,1.19)c | 1.05(1.02,1.09)b | 1.27(1.19,1.35)c | 1.16(1.07,1.24)c | ||
Religion | ||||||
Christianity (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Islam | 1.37(1.33,1.40)c | 1.22(1.17,1.27)c | ||||
Traditionalist/other | 1.17(1.03,1.34)a | 1.31(1.14,1.49)c | ||||
Age at FB | ||||||
< 20 (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
20–24 | 0.92(0.89,0.95)c | 1.02(0.99,1.05) | 0.99(0.92,1.06) | 1.02(0.96,1.10) | ||
≥ 25 | 0.83(0.80,0.87)c | 0.98(0.94,1.02) | 0.80(0.72,0.88)c | 0.88(0.79,0.98)a | ||
Wealth index | ||||||
Low (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Middle | 0.86(0.83,0.88)c | 0.95(0.92,0.98)b | 0.87(0.81,0.94)c | 0.92(0.86,1.00)a | ||
High | 0.73(0.71,0.75)c | 0.87(0.83,0.90)c | 0.71(0.66,0.77)c | 0.75(0.68,0.83)c | ||
Education | ||||||
No education (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Primary | 0.81(0.79,0.84)c | 0.97(0.93,1.01) | 0.97(0.81,1.17) | 0.96(0.79,1.15) | ||
Secondary | 0.75(0.73,0.77)c | 0.99(0.95,1.03) | 0.74(0.63,0.88)b | 0.86(0.72,1.02) | ||
Higher | 0.69(0.66,0.72)c | 0.93(0.87,0.99)a | 0.67(0.55,0.81)c | 0.88(0.71,1.08) | ||
Employment | ||||||
Not working (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Working | 0.85(0.82,0.87) c | 0.95(0.92,0.98)b | 0.85(0.79,0.90)c | 0.85(0.79,0.90)c | ||
Marital at FB | ||||||
Never married (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
Married before FB | 3.67(3.27,4.12)c | 3.26(2.90,3.66)c | 1.63(1.51,1.77)c | 1.57(1.45,1.70)c | ||
Married after FB | 3.02(2.68,3.41)c | 2.87(2.55,3.24)c | 1.30(1.21,1.39)c | 1.32(1.23,1.42)c | ||
FB sex | ||||||
Male (R) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Female | 1.00(0.97,1.02) | 1.00(0.94,1.07) | ||||
FB survival | ||||||
Dead | 1.13(1.07,1.19)c | 1.11(1.05,1.16)c | 0.94(0.80,1.11) | |||
Alive (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Deviance (-2ll) | 458,619.0c | 456,902.2c | 62,423.8c | 62,116.4c |
Characteristics | Crude model | Model 1 | Model 2 |
---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | |
Fertility desired | |||
No more (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Wanted | 0.96 (0.94,0.98)*** | 0.93 (0.92,0.95)*** | 0.86 (0.85,0.88)*** |
Undecided | 1.04 (1.00,1.08) | 1.00 (0.96,1.04) | 0.92 (0.89,0.96)*** |
Contraceptive use | |||
Never | 1.34 (1.31,1.37)*** | 1.35 (1.32,1.38)*** | 0.93 (0.90,0.95)*** |
Formal | 1.07 (1.04,1.10)*** | 1.07 (1.04,1.10)*** | 0.93 (0.90,0.95)*** |
Current (R) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Country | |||
Nigeria | 2.50 (2.42,2.59)*** | 1.85 (1.78,1.93)*** | |
Ethiopia | 1.47 (1.42,1.53)*** | 0.99 (0.95,1.04) | |
DR Congo | 2.64 (2.54,2.73)*** | 2.01 (1.93,2.10)*** | |
South Africa (R) | 1 | 1 | |
Residence | |||
Urban (R) | 1 | 1 | |
Rural | 1.35 (1.32,1.37)*** | 1.10 (1.07,1.13)*** | |
Age at birth | |||
< 20 (R) | 1 | 1 | |
20–24 | 0.89 (0.87,0.90)*** | 0.98 (0.96,1.00)* | |
≥ 25 | 0.77 (0.75,0.79)*** | 0.87 (0.84,0.90)*** | |
Wealth index | |||
Low (R) | 1 | 1 | |
Middle | 0.92 (0.90,0.94)*** | 0.96 (0.94,0.99)** | |
High | 0.70 (0.69,0.72)*** | 0.86 (0.83,0.88)*** | |
Education | |||
No education (R) | 1 | 1 | |
Primary | 0.81 (0.79,0.82)*** | 0.84 (0.82,0.86)*** | |
Secondary | 0.65 (0.64,0.67)*** | 0.81 (0.79,0.83)*** | |
Higher | 0.56 (0.54,0.59)*** | 0.75 (0.72,0.79)*** | |
Employment status | |||
Not working (R) | 1 | 1 | |
Working | 1.12 (1.10,1.14)*** | 0.91 (0.90,0.93)*** | |
Marital at FB | |||
Never married (R) | 1 | 1 | |
Married before FB | 2.87 (2.74,3.00)*** | 2.13 (2.03,2.24)*** | |
Married after FB | 2.25 (2.14,2.36)*** | 1.84 (1.75,1.93)*** | |
FB sex | |||
Male | 1 | 1 | |
Female (R) | 1.02 (1.00,1.04) | 1.01 (0.99,1.03) | |
FB survival | |||
Dead | 1.15 (1.10,1.19)*** | 1.06 (1.02,1.09)** | |
Alive (R) | 1 | 1 | |
Deviance (-2ll) | 971,933.6*** | 964,037.4*** |