Introduction
Method
Eligibility criteria
-
Included individuals with a diagnosed mental disorder, experienced mental health issues, or were part of a mental health community service; or included healthcare providers that provided diagnostic, assessment, or treatment services for mental health issues.
-
Explained obstacles that impeded the uptake, quality, or level of mental health services being accessed or described facilitators that allowed the uptake, quality, or level of mental health services being received.
-
Included service users, healthcare providers, or services that were based in regional, rural, or remote Australia according to the Modified Monash Model (MMM) 2–7 (regional centres to very remote communities) [4] (i.e. the current RHMT definition of rural).
Inclusion | Example | Exclusion | |
---|---|---|---|
P | Patients/individuals with mental health issues/concerns of any age | Diagnosed mental disorders: • Schizophrenia (spectrum) and other psychotic disorders • Depressive disorders • Bipolar and related disorders • Anxiety disorders • Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders • Trauma- and stressor-related disorders • Somatic and related disorders • Dissociative disorders • Feeding and eating disorders • Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders • Substance-related and additive disorders • Personality disorders Mental health issues: • Psychological distress indicated via validated measure • “At-risk” groups (e.g., where mental health services have been sought/warranted but a diagnosis has not yet been made) • Mental disorders not otherwise specified Part of mental health/community service: • Adult mental health service • Child and adolescent mental health service • Community mental health organisation | Neurodevelopmental disorders Elimination disorders Sleep-wake disorders Sexual dysfunctions Gender dysphoria Neurocognitive disorders Paraphilic disorders |
Healthcare providers providing diagnostic/assessment/treatment for mental health issues | • Medical specialists (e.g., general practitioners and psychiatrists) • Allied health professionals (e.g., psychologists, social workers, counsellors) • Nurses and nurse practitioners • Drug and alcohol workers • Community mental health workers (i.e., workers who provide social/housing/occupational support) • Peer-workers • Pharmacists | Healthcare providers who do not specifically diagnose/assess/treat individuals with mental health issues | |
C | Barriers | Obstacles that obstruct the uptake of mental health services or factors that prevent the quality/level of care being accessed • Confidentiality concerns • Fear of stigma • Poor mental health literacy • Geographic isolation • Limited appointment availability • High cost of service | Factors that are not considered to be barriers |
Facilitators | Factors that permit the uptake of mental health services or factors that allow the appropriate amount/quality of care to be received: • Telehealth availability • Free/low cost of service • Appointment timeliness • Safe and supportive environment • Culturally competent healthcare providers • Mentors to assist with system navigation | Factors that are not considered to be facilitators | |
Access factors | Factors that measure of the alignment between healthcare provider/services and the characteristics/expectations of clients: • Aspatial dimensions (i.e., affordability, acceptability, and accommodation) • Spatial dimensions (i.e., availability and accessibility) | Factors that are not considered to be related to access | |
Utilisation factors | Factors that affect the utilisation of healthcare services, including the implementation of subsequent healthcare encounters: • Effective information exchange • Satisfactory negotiation of a healthcare plan • Interpersonal relationship between the healthcare provider and the patient | Factors that are not considered to be related to the utilisation of mental health services | |
Mental health services | • Services provided by hospitals (public and private) • Community-based services (i.e., Acute Community Intervention Service [ACIS], community care units (CCUs), Prevention and Recovery Centres (PARCs), and outpatient clinical treatment) • Mental Health Community Support Services (MHCSS) (e.g., services that are operated by non-government organisations) • Specialist mental health services (e.g., services provided specifically for individuals with certain mental health needs) • Outreach services • Day programs • Early intervention programs embedded within schools | All other health services, mental health programs, health promotion initiatives | |
C | Regional, rural, and remote areas of Australia | Areas classified as regional, rural, or remote Australia according to the MMM: • MM2 Regional Centres • MM3 Large Rural Towns • MM4 Medium Rural Towns • MM5 Small Rural Towns • MM6 Remote Communities • MM7 Very Remote Communities | Areas classified as a Major City in Australia according to the MMM: • MM1 Metropolitan Areas |
Information sources
Search
Selection of sources of evidence
Data charting process
Data items
Synthesis of results
Author citation and location | Study setting | Study design | Study population | Mental health service context | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthcare provider perspective | |||||
Barraclough et al. 2016; Lismore NSW | Lismore NSW (MM3) | Evaluation; mixed methods: documentary and quantitative evidence, qualitative interviews and meeting | N = 21; participants were nurse practitioner (NP) n = 1, senior health service managers n = 5, nursing leaders n = 2, manager of non-government organisation n = 1, mental health/drug and alcohol workers and community nurses/nurses from the emergency department (ED) n = 6, general practitioner (GP) n = 1, police superintendent n = 1, representative community-based organisation n = 1; sex: NR; majority ≥ 18 years (98%) | NP-led primary mental health service | |
Beks et al. 2018; Warrnambool VIC | Portland (MM4), Hamilton (MM4), and Ararat (MM4) VIC | Qualitative interviews | N = 13; participants were registered nurses without postgraduate mental health qualifications; sex: female 100%; 25–34 years n = 1, 35–44 years n = 5, 45–54 years n = 4, ≥ 55 years n = 3 | Acute mental health presentations in a rural emergency department and urgent care centres | |
Clough et al. 2019; Southport QLD | Metropolitan, outer regional, rural Australia | Mixed methods: quantitative cross-sectional, qualitative interviews | Quantitative: n = 274, qualitative: n = 25; participants were medical doctors and stakeholders representing the Australian Medical Association, the Doctors’ Health Advisory Service, hospital-based medical education, and practice management; sex: female (73.4%), age M = 37.4, SD = 9.2 years | Perceptions of help-seeking for stress and burnout among medical doctors | |
Cosgrave et al. 2015; Armidale NSW | Rural NSW | Qualitative interviews | N = 5; participants were community mental health mangers working in rural services; sex: NR; age NR | Community mental health services in rural Australia | |
Cosgrave et al. 2018; Wangaratta VIC | Rural north-western NSW | Qualitative interviews | N = 25; participants were registered nurses n = 6, social workers n = 6 psychologists n = 4, occupational therapists (OT) n = 3, Aboriginal mental health workers n = 5, other workers n = 1; small town n = 9, medium town n = 3, large town n = 12, town NR n = 1; sex: NR; age NR | Community mental health services operated by NSW Health | |
Crotty et al., 2012; Adelaide SA | Regional SA | Qualitative interviews | N = 10; participants were health and community service professionals working within local mental health and related services; sex: NR; age NR | Local mental health and related services | |
De Silva et al. 2017; Lismore NSW | Northern Rivers Region NSW (MM5) | Qualitative interviews | N = 10; participants were GPs working in the Northern Rivers Region, NSW; sex: female 20%; age NR | Mental health services for mild to moderate depression in rural northern NSW | |
Ellem et al. 2019; Brisbane QLD | Regional and rural NSW, regional QLD, regional and rural VIC | Qualitative interviews and focus groups | N = 43; participants were direct practitioners n = 25, supervisors n = 6, managers n = 9, or worked in policy/advocacy roles n = 3 within child and family welfare, Indigenous-specific, and mental health settings. Sex: NR, age NR | Services for youth with complex support needs, including family welfare, Indigenous-specific, and mental health services | |
Evans et al. 2020; Port Macquarie NSW | Rural NSW | Qualitative focus groups | N = 16; participants were registered nurses n = 7, clinical nurse specialists n = 2, clinical nurse consultants n = 3, nurse unit manager n = 1, social workers n = 2, welfare officer n = 1 working within a substance use treatment setting sex: female (93.8%); age NR | Public health community-based substance use treatment services | |
Hays et al. 2020; Mount Isa QLD | Rural and remote Australia | Quantitative cross-sectional | N = 19; participants were rural pharmacists; sex: female 63%; age < 25 n = 1; 26–35 n = 7; 36–45 n = 3; 46–55 n = 4; 56 + n = 4 | Rural pharmacy services | |
Henderson et al. 2018; Adelaide SA | Adelaide Hills (MM2), the Fleurieu Peninsula (MM3), and Kangaroo Island SA (MM7) | Qualitative interviews | N = 31; local service providers n = 25 and senior managers from major service providers n = 6; sex: NR; age NR | Service providers in mental health, community health, general practice, residential aged care, private practice, non-government organisations, and local government in the public and private sectors | |
Hinton et al. 2015; Darwin NT | Remote NT | Qualitative interviews | N = 27; participant were NT government and local council representatives, education and early childhood service providers, employment and housing agencies, police and correctional services, alcohol and other drug (AOD) workers, remote health centre staff and Top End mental health staff; sex: NR; age NR | Indigenous mental health services | |
Isaacs et al. 2017; Moe VIC | Echuca VIC (MM3) | Qualitative interviews | N = 27; participants were Aboriginal workers n = 24, senior mental health clinician n = 1, police officer n = 1, Aboriginal Elder n = 1; sex: female 44.4%; age > 18 years | Help seeking and suicide services for Aboriginal people in rural VIC | |
Kidd et al. 2012; Unknown VIC | Rural VIC | Mixed methods: quantitative cross-sectional and qualitative focus groups | N = 17; participants were nurses working in rural EDs; sex: NR; age 73% ≥ 45 years, a small number were aged > 60 years, and one aged over 70 years | Nurses from rural health services who had ED clients in the previous 12 months | |
Malatzky et al. 2020; Brisbane QLD | Large rural town | Qualitative interviews | N = 13; participants were allied health, medical, community, youth work, management and administration professionals; sex: NR; age NR | Mental health services for young people | |
Mirza et al. 2019; location NR | Rural and remote Australia | Abstract of case reports | N = NR; participants were spiritual healers and Aboriginal mental health workers | General mental health services | |
Mollah et al. 2018; Clayton VIC | Rural Australia | Mixed methods: quantitative cross-sectional and qualitative interviews | N = 20; participants had experience working with immigrant patients in the previous 12 months and were counsellors n = 4, age M = 45.25 years; psychologists/ psychiatrists n = 6, age years M = 37.5 years; nurses n = 5, M = 37.5 years; social workers n = 2, age M = 31.5 years; other n = 3, age M = 49.7 years | Mental health services for immigrant patients | |
Muir-Cochrane et al. 2014; Adelaide SA | Rural Australia | Qualitative interviews | N = 19; participants were managers of residential and community aged care services, coordinators of programmes and care packages, nurses, OTs, social workers, counsellors, and mental health clinicians; sex NR; age NR | Older person’s mental health services | |
Newman et al. 2016; Magill SA | Magill SA (MM1); regional, rural, remote SA areas serviced by Country Health SA local health network | Qualitative interviews and focus groups | N = > 40; participants were from a regional mental health team (i.e., managers, team leaders, senior clinicians, mental health NPs, administrative staff), the metropolitan mental health hub’s mental health team, and a tele-mental health support team; sex: NR; age NR | Telehealth mental health services | |
Orlowski et al. 2016a; Adelaide SA | Rural SA | Qualitative interviews and focus groups | N = 48; interview participants were youth mental health clinicians n = 3, and support and management/executive staff n = 5; sex: female 50%; age: 18–40 years. Focus group participants were mental health and youth service teams, including social workers, mental health nurses, psychologists, psychiatrists, OTs, counsellors, youth workers, management, and other staff; sex: female 50–86% female; age NR | Technology-enhanced mental health services | |
Orlowski et al. 2017; Bedford Park SA | Rural SA | Qualitative shadowing, non-participant observation, interviews, field noting, documenting analysis, debriefing | N = NR; participants at site 1 were youth workers n = 3, manager n = 1, clinical lead n = 1, medical staff n = 2, psychological staff n = 5, and other government staff; sex: NR; age NR; participants at site 2 were mental health nurses n = 7, social workers n = 3; sex: NR; age NR | Technology-enhanced mental health services | |
Procter 2015; Adelaide SA | Rural SA | Qualitative focus groups | N = 9; participants were nurses n = 4, social workers n = 2, clinical psychologist n = 1, OT = 1; paramedical aid n = 1; sex: female 77.8%; age M = 46 years SD = NR | Community mental health services | |
Taylor et al. 2019; Brisbane QLD | Regional, rural, and remote QLD | Qualitative interviews | N = 14; participants were medical officers, social workers, nurses, mental health clinicians, managers, and health promotion workers of an electronic perinatal and infant mental health service; sex: female 78.6%; age 26–62 years | Perinatal and infant tele-mental health services | |
Trail et al. 2021; Parkville VIC | Macedon Ranges VIC (MM5) | Qualitative interviews | N = 19; participants were healthcare and health promotion professionals n = 8, community service/law enforcement/sports staff n = 8, educational staff n = 3; sex: female 52.6%; age M = 49.9; SD = 11.8 | Healthcare and community services working in male suicide and harm prevention | |
Wand et al. 2021a; Camperdown NSW | Maitland (MM1) and Dubbo (MM3) NSW | Qualitative interviews | N = 12; participants were MHLNs; sex: NR; age NR | ED-based mental health nursing care services | |
Service user perspective | |||||
Batterham et al. 2020; Canberra ACT | Metropolitan, regional, rural Australia | Quantitative cross-sectional | N = 2,374; participants from the Assessing Mental Health Survey [115] who met criteria for a DSM-5 mental disorder/suicidal ideation; sex: female 79.6%, 18–35 years n = 913, 36–55 years n = 878, 56 + years n = 582; metropolitan area (n = 1,249), regional area (n = 867), rural area (n = 258) | Perceived need for help for a mental health problem | |
Black et al. 2012; Adelaide SA | Outside of metropolitan Adelaide, SA | Quantitative cross-sectional | N = 531; participants (school students) from the Adolescent Mental Health, Behaviour and Life Experiences Study (unpublished data; authors) who met criteria for a DSM-IV major depressive disorder; sex: female 55.7%; 13–18 years | General mental health services for rural adolescents with depression | |
Butterfly Foundation 2020; location NR | Rural and remote Australia | Survey and report | N = 563; participants were individuals who currently or previously experienced an eating disorder, or were carers of people with eating disorders; sex: mainly female; age 18–60 years | Eating disorder services | |
Byrne et al. 2017; Rockhampton QLD | Regional and rural areas QLD | Qualitative interviews | N = 13; sex: female 61.5%; participants were employees of peer-run, government, and non-government organisations | Peer workers working in mental health services in rural and regional locations | |
Dawson et al. 2016; Adelaide SA | Rural SA | Qualitative interviews | N = 11; participants were rural carers of older people with a mental health issue; sex: NR; age NR | General mental health services | |
Dunstan et al. 2014; Armidale NSW | Moree NSW (MM4) | Mixed methods: quantitative longitudinal and qualitative feedback comments | Total sample N = 76; sex: female 56.3%; age M = 37.8, SD = 13.0; Individual recovery plan completers n = 19; sex: female 42%; age M = 38.5, SD = 14.8; participants were current and past clients of the Personal Helpers and Mentors service (PHaMs), Moree, who had a diagnosed mental disorder | Personal Helpers and Mentors service in Moree | |
Handley 2014; Callaghan NSW | Rural and remote NSW | Quantitative cross-sectional | N = 394; participants were from the 3-year follow-up of the Australian Rural Mental Health Study who had a self-reported mental health problem; help/advice sought: sex: female 56.0%; age M = 55.5 SD = 13.1; help/advice sought and needs met: sex: female 68.0%; age M = 55.6 SD = 13.1; help/advice sought and needs not met: sex: female 80.0%; age M = 55.9 SD = 12.1 | Professional sources (e.g., GP, psychiatrist, psychologist, MH nurse, Lifeline, specialist doctor), and non-professional sources (e.g., family/friends, alternative therapist, clergy) for seeking mental health help | |
Hussain et al. 2013; Armidale NSW | Armidale NSW (MM3) | Quantitative cross-sectional | N = 355; participants were full-time university students at a public university (the University of New England) in Armidale, NSW; sex: 69.0% females; age M = 20.2 SD = 4.8 | Support services (e.g., counselling) and GP services | |
Johnson et al. 2021; Wagga Wagga NSW | Wagga Wagga (MM3) and Riverina region, NSW (MM5) | Qualitative interviews | N = 27; participants were from a regional rural region in NSW who self-reported a mental health issue, some had a formal diagnosis and had accessed services and others had not accessed services; sex: female 100%; age ≥ 30 years, most in their 50s and some over 70 years | General mental health services for regional rural women with depression | |
Orlowski et al. 2016b; Adelaide SA | Inner rural regions in SA | Qualitative interviews | N = 10; participants were a clinical sample of young people who were currently seeking help for a mental health issue; sex: female 50%; age 16–22 years | Technology-enhanced mental health services | |
Reynish et al. 2021; Launceston TAS | Rural and remote TAS | Qualitative interviews | N = 6; participants were from a rural or remote TAS, who had compromised access to bodily autonomy (i.e., sex, sexual, gender diverse, or LGTBIQA + people, sex workers, people who are intersex, and kink-oriented people) and had a self-reported mental health issue; sex: female 66.7%; age 24–61 years | Mental health service use for sex workers | |
Richardson et al. 2015; Murdoch WA | South West region WA (MM5) | Quantitative cross-sectional | N = 8; participants were engaged in a telepsychology psychotherapy service; sex: female 75.0%; age 27–52 years | Videoconferencing telepsychology services | |
Wilson et al. 2012; Armidale NSW | Hunter New England region (MM3), NSW and Darling Downs, QLD (MM5) | Qualitative interviews | N = 13; participants had experienced of emergent mental health issues with symptoms of psychosis among men (either themselves or someone in their family); sex: 61.5% female; age 21–60 years | General mental health services | |
Combined health professional and service user perspectives | |||||
Bowman et al. 2020; Bathurst NSW | Rural, regional, remote Australia | Qualitative interviews | Group 1: n = 9; sex: female 22.2%, transgender 11.1%, non-binary 22.2%; aged 18–25 years. Group 2: n = 6; participants held roles of director n = 4, manager n = 1, and unspecified n = 1 within general mental health support, youth focused (12–25 years), issue-specific services (e.g., depression and anxiety), and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT)-dedicated support services; sex: NR; age NR | Users and providers of internet-based mental health services for LGBT young adults in rural areas | |
Consumers of Mental Health WA 2018; Cannington WA | Rural WA | Submission to the senate | Participants were mental health service workers, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander people, individuals with a lived experienced of a mental health issue, and family members/friends of someone with a lived experienced of a mental health issue | General mental health services | |
Henderson et al. 2014; Adelaide SA | Port Lincoln (MM6), Port Pirie (MM4), and Berri (MM5) SA | Evaluation; mixed methods: quantitative cross-sectional, qualitative interviews, mapping of client journey | N = 31; participants were key informants working within either the mental health team or external aged care agencies n = 22, clients n = 4, and carers n = 4; sex: NR; age NR | Older person’s mental health services | |
Isaacs et al. 2012; Moe VIC | Gippsland, VIC (MM5) | Qualitative interviews and focus groups | N = 46; participants were Aboriginal men from the Community n = 12, Aboriginal carers of men diagnoses with a mental illness n = 2, Koori Hospital Liaison Officer n = 1; and social and emotional wellbeing workers n = 2; community mental health nurse n = 1; private psychologist n = 1; acute psychiatric care nurse n = 1; non-Aboriginal social and emotional wellbeing worker n = 1; emergency care liaison nurse n = 1; community mental health team members n = 24; sex: NR; age NR | Mental health services for Aboriginal men | |
Isaacs et al. 2013; Moe VIC | Gippsland, VIC (MM5) | Qualitative interviews and focus groups | N = 17; participants were clients of mental health services n = 5, non-clients of mental health services n = 5, carers n = 2, cultural advisors n = 2; Aboriginal Hospital Liaison Officer n = 1, social and emotional wellbeing workers n = 2; sex: NR; age NR | Mental health services for Aboriginal men | |
Mental Health Council of Tasmania 2018; Hobart TAS | Rural and remote Australia | Submission to the senate | N = NR; participants were consumers, carers, family members, service providers, and community members with involvement with the mental health sector | General mental health services | |
Wand et al. 2021b; Camperdown NSW | Maitland (MM1) and Dubbo (MM3) NSW | Qualitative interviews | N = 60; participants were ED patients n = 32; nurses n = 14, ED medical officers n = 11, psychiatrists n = 3, patients n = NR; sex: NR; age: NR | ED-based mental health nursing care services | |
Weber et al. 2012; Clunes NSW | Northern Rivers NSW (MM5) | Evaluation; mixed methods: quantitative cross-sectional, qualitative interviews | N = NR; participants were clients of an ED service and service providers including GPs, private practice psychologists and social workers, dietitians, and mental health service workers; sex: NR; age NR | Eating disorder services | |
Other | |||||
Bridgman et al. 2019; Hobart TAS | Hobart (MM2) & Glenorchy (MM2) TAS | Evaluation; quantitative longitudinal | Evaluation of Pulse Youth Health South—an outreach service consistent with headspace best practice guidelines; sex: NR; age 12–15 years | Mental health services for young people | |
Duggan et al. 2020; Melbourne VIC | Regional and rural Australia | Report | Data were obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [116]; sex: NR; age: NR | Mental health presentations in regional/rural emergency departments | |
Knight et al. 2018; Mackay QLD | Regional QLD | Evaluation; quantitative longitudinal | Evaluation of the STARR model—an integrated care model between a regional adult mental health team and a non-government organisation; sex: NR; age: NR | Adult mental health services | |
National Rural Health Alliance 2017; location NR | Regional, rural, and remote Australia | Fact sheet | Data were obtained from Mental Health Services in Australia [117]; sex: NR; age: NR | General mental health services | |
Onnis et al. 2020; Cairns QLD | South of Mackay (MM2) to Cow Bay (MM6), and west of Croydon (MM7) and Richmond (MM7) QLD | Evaluation; quantitative longitudinal | Evaluation of Connect To Wellbeing—an initial assessment and referral service to improve psychological service access for people on low incomes; sex: NR; age: NR | Mental health intake and assessment service | |
Salinas-Perez et al. 2020; Kimberly Region, WA | Remote WA | Long-term care service description and classification | Information on service provision was gathered from managers of local organisations and through mental health atlases; sex: NR; age: NR | Mental health services in the Kimberly Region, WA | |
van Spijker et al. 2019; Western NSW and Country WA local health districts | Rural western NSW and WA | Long-term care service description and classification | Information on service provision was ascertained from peak bodies and sector representatives in Primary Health Networks (PHNs); sex: NR; age: NR | Mental health services in Western NSW and Country WA PHNs |
Geographical analysis
Results
Study characteristics
Setting and target groups
Mental health service setting
Target groups
Barriers and facilitators
Key concept | Example/s of specific issues related to key finding area | Citation relevant to key finding area* |
---|---|---|
Barriers | ||
Barriers affecting healthcare providers and service users | ||
Limited resources | • Lack of available general and specialist services • Limited service capacity • Workforce shortages • Difficulty attracting and retaining staff • High turnover of staff • Time constraints • Limited funding • Financial disadvantage • Costs for service users • Lack of transport • High workloads | Beks et al. [65], Cosgrave et al. [18], Cosgrave et al. [33], De Silva et al. [34], Dunstan et al. [35], Evans et al. [36], Hussain et al. [38], Johnson et al. [39], Clough et al. [45], Muir-Cochrane et al. [50], Bowman et al. [51], Butterfly Foundation [52], Mental Health Council of Tasmania [53], National Rural Health Alliance [54], Crotty et al. [56], Henderson et al. [58], Henderson et al. [59], Newman et al. [60], Orlowski et al. [61], Orlowski et al. [62], Orlowski et al. [63], Procter et al. [64], Isaacs et al. [66], Byrne et al. [71], Onnis et al. [74], Taylor et al. [75], Consumers of Mental Health WA [78], Bridgman et al. [79], Reynish et al. [80], Ellem et al. [82], Black et al. [55], Weber and Davis [42] |
System complexity and navigation | • Long waiting times • Inefficient referral pathways • Lack of care-coordination • Delays in assessment and diagnosis • Difficulty navigating services • Limited training • Professional culture or organisational functions | Evans et al. [36], Clough et al. [45], Butterfly Foundation [52], Beks et al. [65], Cosgrave et al. [33] Cosgrave et al. [18], Henderson et al. [59], Kidd et al. [69], Malatzky et al. [73], Orlowski et al. [63], Wand et al. [41], Bowman et al. [51], Dawson et al. [57], Orlowski et al. [61], Reynish et al. [80], Consumers of Mental Health WA [78], Henderson et al. [58], Isaacs et al. [66], Mental Health Council of Tasmania [53], Wand et al. [40], Weber and Davis [42], Duggan et al. [46], Onnis et al. [74] |
Attitudinal and social matters | • Stereotypical views of patients • Stigma • Fear of judgement • Lack of trust or confidence in services • Privacy and confidentiality concerns • Consumer vulnerability • Preference for keeping to oneself • Stoicism • Reluctance to seek help • Lack of awareness about mental health issues • Dual-relationships | Butterfly Foundation [52], Hinton et al. [81], Muir-Cochrane et al. [50], Procter et al. [64], Trail et al. [70], Dunstan et al. [35], Evans et al. [36], Hussain et al. [38], Johnson et al. [39], Orlowski et al. [61], Reynish et al. (72), Wilson et al. [43], Bowman et al. (31), Consumers of Mental Health WA [78], Isaacs et al. [66], Isaacs et al. [67], Isaacs et al. [68], De Silva et al. [34], [36], Newman et al. [60] |
Technological limitations | • Poor connectivity • High cost • Lack of suitability for use among specific client groups | |
Lack of awareness | • Lack of awareness about mental health issues • Lack of awareness of needs • Lack of awareness about services available | |
Barriers affecting service users | ||
Distance to services | • Lengthy travel time due to distance to services | |
Insufficient culturally-sensitive practices | • Lack of culturally-suited staff, processes, and services • Cultural assumptions about experience and medical treatment | |
Facilitators | ||
Facilitators affecting healthcare providers and service users | ||
Person-centred and collaborative care | • Interservice collaborations • Shared knowledge • Informal working relationships • A non-judgemental and positive approach to service delivery • Involving clients and their families in care • Regular contact • Continuity of care • Appropriate and skilled communication • Flexibility in meeting places | Barraclough et al. [31], Beks et al. [65], Crotty et al. [56], De Silva et al. [34], Evans et al. [36], Henderson et al. [59], Orlowski et al. [63], Hinton et al. [81], Procter et al. [64], Wand et al. [41], Dawson et al. [57], Dunstan et al. [35], Orlowski et al. [61], Henderson et al. [58], Weber and Davis [42], Knight et al. [72], Onnis et al. [74] |
Technological facilitation | • Technology used in conjunction to face-to-face service delivery • SMS appointment reminders | |
Environment and ease of service access | • Non-clinical and comfortable environment • Easy access to after-hours services • Services delivered by dedicated staff with local knowledge • Screening for specific disorders if supported by organisational tools • Outreach options • Co-location of services • Organisational culture, priorities, systems, and structures • Low/no cost services | |
Community supports | • Sense of community • Clinicians being involved in the community and knowing local issues • Clinician visibility outside of health-provider role | |
Facilitators affecting service users | ||
Mental health literacy | • Familiarity and confidence in using services • Knowledge of mental health services | |
Culturally-sensitive practice | • Cultural competency • Use of Aboriginal mental health workers, spiritual healers, and involvement of the community elders |
Prominent barrier concepts
Barriers affecting healthcare providers and service users
Barriers affecting service users
Prominent facilitator concepts
Facilitators affecting service users
Geographical analysis
Spatial data reported or obtained | Proxy location used | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
MM1* | 4 | 9.8 | 16 | 57.1 |
MM2 | 5 | 12.2 | 5 | 17.9 |
MM3 | 9 | 22.0 | 4 | 14.3 |
MM4 | 6 | 14.6 | 1 | 3.6 |
MM5 | 10 | 24.4 | 0 | 0.0 |
MM6 | 3 | 7.3 | 1 | 3.6 |
MM7 | 4 | 9.8 | 1 | 3.6 |
Total | 41 | 100% | 28 | 100% |