Background
Methods
Ethical considerations
Study design and population
Data acquisition
Clinical parameters and measurement
Classification | Parameters | Method | Definition |
---|---|---|---|
CM | CL | IOS | The shortest distance from the gingival zenith to the incisal edge |
CW | The distance between the proximal tooth surfaces measured at the border between the middle and cervical portions | ||
Crown shape | CW/CL | ||
GM | GA | IOS | The angle between the gingival zenith and the zeniths of the corresponding adjacent gingival papillae |
PA | The angle between the zenith of the gingival papilla and the gingival zeniths of the corresponding adjacent teeth | ||
PW | The distance between the gingival zeniths of the adjacent teeth | ||
PH | The shortest distance from the zenith of the papilla to a line connects the gingival zeniths of the adjacent teeth | ||
SGH | IOS + CBCT | The distance from the gingival margin to the ABC | |
CEJ-ABC | The distance between the CEJ and the ABC | ||
GT | Gingival thickness, comprise GTcej, GTabc, GT1 and GT2 | ||
GT-p | GT on the palatal side, comprise GTcej-p, GTabc-p, GT1-p and GT2-p | ||
BM | BMA | CBCT | The angle between the bone margin zenith and the zeniths of the corresponding adjacent interproximal bone |
IBA | The angle between the zenith of the interproximal bone and the corresponding adjacent bone margin zeniths | ||
IBH | The shortest distance from the zenith of the interproximal bone to a line connects the adjacent bone margin zeniths | ||
BT | IOS + CBCT | Bone thickness, comprise BT1 and BT2 | |
BT-p | Bone thickness on the palatal side, comprise BT1-p and BT2-p |
Statistical analysis
Sample size calculation
Results
Mean SGH and CEJ-ABC at different genders and tooth types
Overall | Central incisors | Lateral incisors | Canines | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Men Mean ± SD | Women Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Men Mean ± SD | Women Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Men Mean ± SD | Women Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Men Mean ± SD | Women Mean ± SD | ||||
CL(mm) | 9.02 ± 1.20 | 9.52 ± 1.11 | 8.62 ± 1.12** | 9.69 ± 1.00§§^^ | 10.17 ± 0.78 | 9.30 ± 1.00** | 8.28 ± 1.05##^^ | 8.82 ± 0.98 | 7.85 ± 0.90** | 9.08 ± 1.12##§§ | 9.57 ± 1.13 | 8.69 ± 0.95** | |||
CW(mm) | 6.71 ± 0.82 | 6.92 ± 0.76 | 6.54 ± 0.83** | 7.43 ± 0.48§§^^ | 7.58 ± 0.43 | 7.30 ± 0.49* | 5.86 ± 0.59##^^ | 6.11 ± 0.54 | 5.67 ± 0.57* | 6.84 ± 0.43##§§ | 7.06 ± 0.39 | 6.66 ± 0.38** | |||
CW/CL | 0.75 ± 0.09 | 0.73 ± 0.08 | 0.76 ± 0.09* | 0.77 ± 0.08§§ | 0.75 ± 0.07 | 0.79 ± 0.08* | 0.71 ± 0.08##^^ | 0.70 ± 0.08 | 0.73 ± 0.08* | 0.76 ± 0.09§§ | 0.75 ± 0.09 | 0.77 ± 0.08 | |||
GA(°) | 94.61 ± 10.38 | 92.29 ± 10.07 | 96.46 ± 10.30* | 97.03 ± 9.36^^ | 94.77 ± 9.10 | 98.84 ± 9.28 | 96.47 ± 9.82^^ | 93.16 ± 9.45 | 99.11 ± 9.41 | 90.32 ± 10.69##§§ | 88.94 ± 10.96 | 91.42 ± 10.48 | |||
PA(°) | 102.21 ± 11.35 | 99.40 ± 10.70 | 104.46 ± 11.40** | 103.93 ± 11.59§ | 100.59 ± 10.84 | 106.60 ± 11.61* | 100.00 ± 10.12# | 96.33 ± 8.25 | 102.93 ± 10.60* | 102.71 ± 12.04 | 101.28 ± 12.26 | 103.85 ± 11.90 | |||
PW(mm) | 8.66 ± 0.92 | 8.84 ± 0.80 | 8.51 ± 0.97** | 9.39 ± 0.77§§^^ | 9.46 ± 0.63 | 9.34 ± 0.88 | 8.30 ± 0.59## | 8.52 ± 0.66 | 8.13 ± 0.47 | 8.28 ± 0.88## | 8.53 ± 0.75 | 8.07 ± 0.93* | |||
PH(mm) | 3.55 ± 0.78 | 3.84 ± 0.76 | 3.31 ± 0.72** | 3.82 ± 0.81§§^^ | 4.14 ± 0.71 | 3.56 ± 0.80** | 3.47 ± 0.64## | 3.79 ± 0.59 | 3.22 ± 0.56** | 3.37 ± 0.81##§§ | 3.58 ± 0.87 | 3.19 ± 0.73* | |||
IBH(mm) | 2.63 ± 0.48 | 2.78 ± 0.51 | 2.50 ± 0.42** | 2.82 ± 0.55§§^^ | 2.98 ± 0.63 | 2.70 ± 0.43* | 2.58 ± 0.39## | 2.71 ± 0.40 | 2.48 ± 0.36* | 2.48 ± 0.43## | 2.66 ± 0.43 | 2.33 ± 0.38** | |||
BMA(°) | 112.70 ± 9.66 | 110.98 ± 10.03 | 114.08 ± 9.17* | 113.36 ± 8.38 | 112.88 ± 9.24 | 113.74 ± 7.73 | 112.57 ± 10.82 | 109.02 ± 10.17 | 115.41 ± 10.59 | 112.17 ± 9.74 | 111.03 ± 10.59 | 113.09 ± 9.03 | |||
IBA(°) | 115.43 ± 10.08 | 112.83 ± 9.85 | 117.50 ± 9.81** | 114.28 ± 10.78^ | 111.18 ± 11.12 | 116.76 ± 9.95* | 113.62 ± 9.82^^ | 110.59 ± 8.07 | 116.05 ± 10.49* | 118.38 ± 9.02#§§ | 116.72 ± 9.20 | 2.33 ± 0.38 | |||
SGH(mm) | 3.29 ± 0.61 | 3.26 ± 0.63 | 3.31 ± 0.59 | 3.46 ± 0.58^^ | 3.43 ± 0.62 | 3.47 ± 0.53 | 3.39 ± 0.62^^ | 3.29 ± 0.63 | 3.47 ± 0.61 | 3.03 ± 0.54##§§v | 3.06 ± 0.57 | 3.00 ± 0.52 | |||
CEJ-ABC(mm) | 1.46 ± 0.47 | 1.56 ± 0.53 | 1.37 ± 0.40* | 1.47 ± 0.54 | 1.66 ± 0.62 | 1.32 ± 0.43** | 1.46 ± 0.42 | 1.56 ± 0.44 | 1.37 ± 0.40** | 1.44 ± 0.44 | 1.47 ± 0.51 | 1.42 ± 0.39 | |||
GTcej | 1.20 ± 0.32 | 1.21 ± 0.38 | 1.18 ± 0.26 | 1.44 ± 0.34§§^^ | 1.47 ± 0.45 | 1.41 ± 0.21 | 1.09 ± 0.23## | 1.08 ± 0.27 | 1.10 ± 0.21 | 1.06 ± 0.22## | 1.08 ± 0.25 | 1.04 ± 0.20 | |||
GTabc | 1.42 ± 0.31 | 1.45 ± 0.34 | 1.41 ± 0.28 | 1.70 ± 0.27§§^^ | 1.77 ± 0.29 | 1.64 ± 0.24* | 1.28 ± 0.24## | 1.27 ± 0.24 | 1.29 ± 0.23* | 1.30 ± 0.22## | 1.30 ± 0.23 | 1.29 ± 0.22 | |||
GT1 | 0.67 ± 0.25 | 0.69 ± 0.30 | 0.65 ± 0.20** | 0.65 ± 0.30 | 0.70 ± 0.39 | 0.61 ± 0.21 | 0.69 ± 0.23 | 0.68 ± 0.27 | 0.70 ± 0.21 | 0.66 ± 0.22 | 0.68 ± 0.25 | 0.64 ± 0.19 | |||
GT2 | 0.67 ± 0.23 | 0.72 ± 0.23 | 0.63 ± 0.23** | 0.66 ± 0.18§ | 0.72 ± 0.17 | 0.62 ± 0.18* | 0.75 ± 0.23#^^ | 0.80 ± 0.20 | 0.70 ± 0.25* | 0.60 ± 0.26§§ | 0.63 ± 0.27 | 0.57 ± 0.25 | |||
BT1 | 0.90 ± 0.26 | 0.92 ± 0.32 | 0.88 ± 0.20 | 0.95 ± 0.32^ | 0.99 ± 0.42 | 0.91 ± 0.21 | 0.89 ± 0.23 | 0.88 ± 0.27 | 0.90 ± 0.21 | 0.86 ± 0.22# | 0.88 ± 0.25 | 0.84 ± 0.20 | |||
BT2 | 0.74 ± 0.25 | 0.79 ± 0.25 | 0.71 ± 0.25* | 0.82 ± 0.18§§ | 0.84 ± 0.15 | 0.80 ± 0.20 | 0.59 ± 0.17##^^ | 0.64 ± 0.19 | 0.55 ± 0.15 | 0.82 ± 0.31§§ | 0.89 ± 0.31 | 0.76 ± 0.31 | |||
SGH-p | 2.91 ± 0.51 | 3.02 ± 0.51 | 2.83 ± 0.49** | 2.65 ± 0.38§§^^ | 2.68 ± 0.38 | 2.63 ± 0.39 | 2.88 ± 0.46##^^ | 3.01 ± 0.46 | 2.77 ± 0.43 | 3.21 ± 0.54##§§ | 3.36 ± 0.45 | 3.09 ± 0.53* | |||
CEJ-ABC-p | 0.98 ± 0.31 | 1.00 ± 0.33 | 0.96 ± 0.30 | 0.96 ± 0.31 | 0.98 ± 0.31 | 0.95 ± 0.31 | 0.92 ± 0.31^^ | 0.91 ± 0.28 | 0.93 ± 0.34 | 1.06 ± 0.30§§ | 1.47 ± 0.51 | 1.01 ± 0.24 | |||
GTcej-p | 1.88 ± 0.51 | 1.92 ± 0.49 | 1.85 ± 0.52 | 1.71 ± 0.40§^^ | 1.76 ± 0.46 | 1.67 ± 0.35 | 1.88 ± 0.62#^ | 1.96 ± 0.60 | 1.81 ± 0.64 | 2.06 ± 0.42##§ | 1.08 ± 0.25 | 2.07 ± 0.46 | |||
GTabc-p | 2.56 ± 0.59 | 2.67 ± 0.54 | 2.48 ± 0.61* | 2.41 ± 0.50^^ | 2.51 ± 0.51 | 2.33 ± 0.49 | 2.56 ± 0.70 | 2.75 ± 0.68 | 2.42 ± 0.69 | 2.72 ± 0.50## | 1.30 ± 0.25 | 2.70 ± 0.60 | |||
GT1-p | 2.77 ± 0.58 | 2.90 ± 0.52 | 2.66 ± 0.60** | 2.40 ± 0.49§§^^ | 2.53 ± 0.47 | 2.30 ± 0.48* | 2.84 ± 0.50##^ | 3.06 ± 0.44 | 2.68 ± 0.48* | 3.05 ± 0.56##§ | 0.68 ± 0.25 | 3.00 ± 0.63 | |||
GT2-p | 2.96 ± 0.63 | 3.03 ± 0.59 | 2.91 ± 0.66 | 2.54 ± 0.50§§^^ | 2.57 ± 0.49 | 2.52 ± 0.51 | 2.84 ± 0.55##^^ | 2.96 ± 0.39 | 2.75 ± 0.64 | 3.51 ± 0.40##§§ | 0.63 ± 0.27 | 3.46 ± 0.42 | |||
BT1-p | 1.40 ± 0.39 | 1.47 ± 0.38 | 1.35 ± 0.39* | 1.53 ± 0.52§§^^ | 1.69 ± 0.40 | 1.41 ± 0.41** | 1.32 ± 0.33## | 1.38 ± 0.33 | 1.27 ± 0.33** | 1.36 ± 0.37## | 0.88 ± 0.25 | 1.36 ± 0.42 | |||
BT2-p | 2.29 ± 0.72 | 2.50 ± 0.73 | 2.11 ± 0.67** | 2.42 ± 0.74§ | 2.79 ± 0.76 | 2.12 ± 0.58** | 2.12 ± 0.71## | 2.39 ± 0.69 | 1.90 ± 0.66** | 2.33 ± 0.69 | 0.89 ± 0.31 | 2.32 ± 0.71 |
Correlation analysis between SGTDs (SGH and CEJ-ABC) and other PP
Crown morphology | Gingival morphology | Bone morphology | Gingival morphology | Bone morphology | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | CL | CW | CW/CL | GA | PA | PW | PH | BMA | IBA | IBH | GTcej/ GTcej-p | GTabc/ GTabc-p | GT1/GT1-P | GT2/ GT2-p | BT1/ BT1-p | BT2/ BT2-p | ||
Facial | SGH | Pearson r | -0.292* | -0.025 | 0.299* | 0.467* | 0.385* | 0.080 | -0.317* | -0.057 | -0.120 | 0.123 | 0.427* | 0.283* | 0.388* | -0.063 | 0.413* | -0.028 |
p-value | 0.000 | 0.715 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.241 | 0.000 | 0.403 | 0.077 | 0.071 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.354 | 0.000 | 0.678 | ||
CEJ-ABC | Pearson r | 0.278* | 0.080 | -0.234* | -0.211* | -0.203* | 0.63 | 0.222* | -0.148* | -0.181* | 0.173* | -0.201* | -0.083 | -0.217* | -0.061 | -0.230* | -0.003 | |
p-value | 0.000 | 0.241 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.354 | 0.001 | 0.029 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.003 | 0.223 | 0.001 | 0.372 | 0.001 | 0.964 | ||
Palatal | SGH-p | Pearson r | -0.101 | -0.130 | -0.027 | -0.016 | 0.120 | -0.245* | -0.254* | -0.060 | 0.069 | -0.142* | 0.464* | 0.399* | 0.511* | 0.474* | -0.018 | 0.013 |
p-value | 0.141 | 0.057 | 0.692 | 0.818 | 0.079 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.383 | 0.312 | 0.038 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.787 | 0.853 | ||
CEJ-ABC-p | Pearson r | 0.073 | 0.021 | -0.060 | -0.035 | 0.058 | -0.007 | -0.020 | -0.014 | -0.024 | -0.013 | -0.206* | -0.060 | 0.071 | 0.212* | -0.150* | -0.174* | |
p-value | 0.287 | 0.755 | 0.383 | 0.604 | 0.396 | 0.920 | 0.774 | 0.837 | 0.726 | 0.854 | 0.002 | 0.383 | 0.297 | 0.002 | 0.028 | 0.011 |
Correlation analysis between GM and BM
Gingival morphology | Bone morphology | ||
---|---|---|---|
GA | BMA | Pearson r | 0.315* |
p-value | 0.000 | ||
PA | IBA | Pearson r | 0.332* |
p-value | 0.000 | ||
PH | IBH | Pearson r | 0.321* |
p-value | 0.000 | ||
GT1 | BT1 | Pearson r | 0.463* |
p-value | 0.000 | ||
GT2 | BT2 | Pearson r | 0.181* |
p-value | 0.008 | ||
GT1-p | BT1-p | Pearson r | 0.131 |
p-value | 0.055 | ||
GT2-p | BT2-p | Pearson r | 0.027 |
p-value | 0.688 |