Background
Methods
Study participants
Potential confounders
Assessment of diet quality
Outcome
Statistical analysis
Results
Participants’ characteristics
Variables | Total (n = 9724) | Underweight and normal group (n = 6584) | Overweight group (n = 1407) | Obesity group (n = 1733) | Statistics | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, M (Q1, Q3) | 6.00 (4.00, 9.00) | 6.00 (3.00, 8.00) | 7.00 (5.00, 10.00) | 8.00 (6.00, 10.00) | χ2 = 2648.757 | < 0.001 |
Sex, n (%) | χ2 = 2.711 | 0.258 | ||||
Male | 4890 (50.29) | 3333 (50.62) | 679 (48.26) | 878 (50.66) | ||
Female | 4834 (49.71) | 3251 (49.38) | 728 (51.74) | 855 (49.34) | ||
Race, n (%) | χ2 = 142.034 | < 0.001 | ||||
Mexican American | 2342 (24.08) | 1431 (21.73) | 393 (27.93) | 518 (29.89) | ||
Other Hispanic | 912 (9.38) | 561 (8.52) | 151 (10.73) | 200 (11.54) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 3041 (31.27) | 2199 (33.40) | 404 (28.71) | 438 (25.27) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 2334 (24.00) | 1552 (23.57) | 336 (23.88) | 446 (25.74) | ||
Other Race | 1095 (11.26) | 841 (12.77) | 123 (8.74) | 131 (7.56) | ||
PIR, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.47 (0.78, 3.00) | 1.55 (0.81, 3.22) | 1.41 (0.78, 2.90) | 1.27 (0.74, 2.37) | χ2 = 2648.757 | < 0.001 |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | χ2 = 14.889 | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 1220 (12.55) | 799 (12.14) | 157 (11.16) | 264 (15.23) | ||
No | 8504 (87.45) | 5785 (87.86) | 1250 (88.84) | 1469 (84.77) | ||
Height, cm, Mean ± SD | 121.31 ± 19.98 | 117.34 ± 19.26 | 126.40 ± 19.20 | 132.29 ± 18.17 | F = 480.741 | < 0.001 |
Weight, kg, M (Q1, Q3) | 24.15 (17.50, 34.60) | 20.70 (15.80, 27.90) | 30.70 (21.60, 41.30) | 42.70 (29.70, 55.80) | χ2 = 2648.757 | < 0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2, Mean ± SD | 17.82 ± 3.75 | 15.92 ± 1.35 | 19.20 ± 1.74 | 23.90 ± 4.19 | F = 9441.430 | < 0.001 |
Total energy, kcal, Mean ± SD | 1738.39 ± 545.64 | 1700.51 ± 525.71 | 1805.99 ± 554.15 | 1827.45 ± 595.45 | F = 50.254 | < 0.001 |
HEI-2015, Mean ± SD | 52.19 ± 11.45 | 52.61 ± 11.44 | 51.49 ± 11.30 | 51.15 ± 11.51 | F = 14.207 | < 0.001 |
AHEI-2010, Mean ± SD | 30.99 ± 7.66 | 31.36 ± 7.63 | 30.58 ± 7.76 | 29.91 ± 7.55 | F = 27.002 | < 0.001 |
MedDiet, M (Q1, Q3) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 2.00 (1.00, 4.00) | χ2 = 2648.757 | < 0.001 |
Variables | Total (n = 5934) | Underweight and normal group (n = 3484) | Overweight group (n = 1056) | Obesity group (n = 1394) | Statistics | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years, Mean ± SD | 15.47 ± 2.28 | 15.54 ± 2.26 | 15.46 ± 2.31 | 15.33 ± 2.28 | F = 4.079 | 0.017 |
Sex, n (%) | χ2 = 8.576 | 0.014 | ||||
Male | 3037 (51.18) | 1828 (52.47) | 500 (47.35) | 709 (50.86) | ||
Female | 2897 (48.82) | 1656 (47.53) | 556 (52.65) | 685 (49.14) | ||
Race, n (%) | χ2 = 60.495 | < 0.001 | ||||
Mexican American | 1487 (25.06) | 791 (22.70) | 293 (27.75) | 403 (28.91) | ||
Other Hispanic | 553 (9.32) | 332 (9.53) | 96 (9.09) | 125 (8.97) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 1709 (28.80) | 1076 (30.88) | 294 (27.84) | 339 (24.32) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 1561 (26.31) | 867 (24.89) | 283 (26.80) | 411 (29.48) | ||
Other Race | 624 (10.52) | 418 (12.00) | 90 (8.52) | 116 (8.32) | ||
PIR, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.61 (0.85, 3.22) | 1.73 (0.89, 3.50) | 1.56 (0.85, 3.10) | 1.39 (0.78, 2.75) | χ2 = 3174.790 | < 0.001 |
Height, cm, Mean ± SD | 165.33 ± 9.94 | 165.13 ± 10.17 | 164.93 ± 9.49 | 166.14 ± 9.63 | F = 6.208 | 0.002 |
Weight, kg, Mean ± SD | 67.14 ± 20.40 | 56.11 ± 10.74 | 70.05 ± 10.68 | 92.52 ± 21.04 | F = 3467.562 | < .001 |
BMI, kg/m2, Mean ± SD | 24.37 ± 6.35 | 20.42 ± 2.39 | 25.62 ± 2.06 | 33.30 ± 5.84 | F = 6901.474 | < .001 |
Cotinine, ng/ml, M (Q1, Q3) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.43) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.35) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.47) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.61) | χ2 = 3174.790 | < 0.001 |
Total energy, kcal, M (Q1, Q3) | 1917.00 (1481.00, 2468.50) | 2012.50 (1571.75, 2576.25) | 1833.00 (1382.00, 2371.75) | 1766.25 (1336.00, 2286.00) | χ2 = 3174.790 | < 0.001 |
Physical activity, MET· min, M (Q1, Q3) | 680.00 (240.00, 1300.00) | 720.00 (249.75, 1320.00) | 665.00 (240.00, 1410.00) | 600.00 (229.50, 1200.00) | χ2 = 3174.790 | < 0.001 |
HEI-2015, Mean ± SD | 47.25 ± 11.32 | 47.30 ± 11.24 | 47.10 ± 11.28 | 47.26 ± 11.54 | F = 0.129 | 0.879 |
AHEI-2010, Mean ± SD | 29.17 ± 8.10 | 29.13 ± 8.18 | 29.34 ± 7.99 | 29.15 ± 7.99 | F = 0.273 | 0.761 |
MedDiet, M (Q1, Q3) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | 3.00 (2.00, 4.00) | χ2 = 3174.790 | < 0.001 |
Association of diet quality scores and overweight, obesity in children and adolescents
Population | Outcomes | Diet quality scores | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | |||
Children aged 2–11 years | Overweight | HEI-2015 | 0.98 (0.98–0.99) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99)a | 0.014 |
AHEI-2010 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.023 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01)a | 0.876 | ||
MedDiet | 0.94 (0.90–0.98) | 0.002 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99)a | 0.013 | ||
Obesity | HEI-2015 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | < 0.001 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00)a | 0.548 | |
AHEI-2010 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00)a | 0.092 | ||
MedDiet | 0.92 (0.89–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99)a | 0.009 | ||
Adolescents aged 12–19 years | Overweight | HEI-2015 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.194 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00)b | 0.145 |
AHEI-2010 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.540 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00)b | 0.244 | ||
MedDiet | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | 0.069 | 0.96 (0.91–0.99)b | 0.049 | ||
Obesity | HEI-2015 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.187 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00)b | 0.110 | |
AHEI-2010 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.472 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00)b | 0.150 | ||
MedDiet | 0.97 (0.92–1.01) | 0.136 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99)b | 0.045 |
Subgroup analysis based on sex
Population | Outcomes | Overweight | Obesity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | ||||||
OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P | ||
Children aged 2–11 yearsa | HEI-2015 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.021 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.252 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.510 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.892 |
AHEI-2010 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.826 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.633 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.310 | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.114 | |
MedDiet | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | 0.008 | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.416 | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.003 | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.465 | |
Adolescents aged 12–19 yearsb | AHEI-2010 | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.008 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.191 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.716 | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.073 |
HEI-2015 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.233 | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 0.367 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.235 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.276 | |
MedDiet | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | < 0.001 | 1.01 (0.94–1.08) | 0.858 | 0.94 (0.88–0.99) | 0.039 | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.359 |