Background
Methods
Participants
Procedure
Statistical methods
Results
Diagnostic outcome | Total | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | ||
NOBS
| 160 | 49 | 111 |
NCASE
| 54 | 16 | 38 |
N (%) of cases
| |||
Any ADHD disorder | 15 (25%) | 1 (6%) | 14 (34%) |
Pervasive development disorder | 6 (10%) | 1 (6%) | 5 (12%) |
Any emotional disorder | 24 (41%) | 11 (61%) | 13 (32%) |
Disruptive behaviour disorders | 32 (54%) | 6 (33%) | 26 (63%) |
Any oppositional-conduct disorder | 24 (41%) | 5 (28%) | 19 (46%) |
Conduct disorder alone | 5 (8%) | 1 (6%) | 4 (10%) |
Oppositional defiant and/or DBD NOS | 19 (32%) | 4 (22%) | 15 (37%) |
Pure oppositional conduct disorder | 17 (29%) | 5 (28%) | 12 (29%) |
Diagnostic outcome | Total positive interactions | Total negative interactions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Any diagnosis |
0.85 (0.74, 0.96)
|
0.007
| 0.98 (0.60, 1.51) | 0.941 |
Pervasive development disorder | 0.98 (0.73, 1.21) | 0.864 | 0.02 (0.00, 1.41) | 0.099 |
Any emotional disorder |
0.82 (0.66, 0.98)
|
0.029
| 0.71 (0.21, 1.55) | 0.446 |
Disruptive behaviour disorders |
0.84 (0.71, 0.97)
|
0.020
| 1.16 (0.70, 1.82) | 0.539 |
Any ADHD disorder | 0.87 (0.69, 1.05) | 0.159 | 1.26 (0.65, 2.18) | 0.453 |
Any oppositional-conduct disorder |
0.81 (0.65, 0.97)
|
0.021
| 0.96 (0.45, 1.64) | 0.902 |
Conduct disorder alone | 0.74 (0.40, 1.09) | 0.166 | 1.07 (0.10, 2.46) | 0.909 |
Oppositional defiant and/or DBD NOS |
0.81 (0.64, 0.99)
|
0.035
| 1.02 (0.45, 1.77) | 0.959 |
Pure oppositional conduct disorder |
0.78 (0.60, 0.97)
|
0.024
| 1.14 (0.55, 1.95) | 0.678 |
Summary statistics for predictor* | Associations with rate of negative interactions | Associations with rate of positive interactions | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Child gender | Female | 49 (30.6%) | - | - |
Male | 111 (69.4%) | 1.71 (0.81, 3.62), p = 0.160 | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06), p = 0.202 | |
Mother age at birth (for 1 year increase) | 29.5 (4.5) |
0.90 (0.83, 0.97), p = 0.004
|
1.02 (1.00, 1.04), p = 0.033
| |
Parity (per unit increase) | 0.7 (0.8) | 0.87 (0.56, 1.36), p = 0.550 | 0.97 (0.88, 1.08), p = 0.584 | |
Maternal depression at 32--40 weeks (per unit increase) | 6.9 (5.0) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08), p = 0.812 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03), p = 0.118 | |
Postnatal depression at 8 months (per unit increase) | 5.6 (5.0) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10), p = 0.354 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02), p = 0.478 | |
Maternal anxiety at 32--40 weeks (per unit increase) | 4.7 (3.4) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14), p = 0.630 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04), p = 0.153 | |
Postnatal anxiety at 8 months (per unit increase) | 3.8 (3.9) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.10), p = 0.934 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04), p = 0.172 | |
Infant breast fed | No | 24 (15.1%) | - | - |
Yes | 135 (84.9%) | 1.26 (0.47, 3.36), p = 0.649 | 1.19 (0.94, 1.51), p = 0.150 | |
Marital status | Never married | 22 (13.8%) | - | - |
1st marriage | 123 (77.4%) | 1.09 (0.40, 2.97), p = 0.873 | 1.27 (1.00, 1.63), p = 0.054 | |
2nd/3rd marriage | 9 (5.7%) | 1.03 (0.18, 5.82), p = 0.970 | 1.25 (0.82, 1.90), p = 0.292 | |
Divorced | 5 (3.1%) | 0.66 (0.07, 6.16), p = 0.718 | 1.34 (0.80, 2.24), p = 0.264 | |
Father in household | No | 14 (9.2%) | - | - |
Yes | 139 (90.8%) | 0.50 (0.15, 1.63), p = 0.251 | 1.20 (0.89, 1.62), p = 0.225 | |
Maternal education levels | Vocational/CSE/GCSE | 89 (56.0%) | - | - |
A level/Degree | 70 (44.0%) | 1.02 (0.51, 2.04), p = 0.958 |
1.32 (1.12, 1.55), p = 0.001
| |
Anyone with chronic illness in household | No | 133 (88.7%) | - | - |
Yes | 17 (11.3%) | 1.11 (0.36, 3.42), p = 0.861 | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16), p = 0.389 | |
Smoked during first trimester | No | 128 (81.0%) | - | - |
Yes | 30 (19.0%) | 0.64 (0.26, 1.58), p = 0.331 | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13), p = 0.384 | |
Alcohol during first trimester (glasses of alcohol per week) | < 1 | 129 (81.6%) | - | - |
≥ 1 | 29 (18.4%) | 1.04 (0.43, 2.52), p = 0.929 | 1.04 (0.84, 1.29), p = 0.737 | |
Partner physically hurt mother at 18 weeks gestation | No | 143 (93.5%) | - | - |
Yes | 10 (6.5%) | 1.29 (0.32, 5.17), p = 0.718 | 1.03 (0.72, 1.46), p = 0.880 | |
Partner physically hurt mother postnatally | No | 152 (95.0%) | - | - |
Yes | 8 (5.0%) | 0.34 (0.06, 1.97), p = 0.230 | 1.01 (0.69, 1.47), p = 0.962 | |
Social support score (per unit increase) | 20.1 (4.8) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01), p = 0.072 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03), p = 0.335 | |
Life event score 18--23 weeks (per unit increase) | 8.6 (6.5) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08), p = 0.417 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01), p = 0.716 | |
Maternal bonding score (per unit increase) | 28.0 (4.0) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.07), p = 0.723 |
0.98 (0.96, 1.00), p = 0.024
| |
Aggression score (per unit increase) | 10.2 (1.8) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.17), p = 0.655 | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08), p = 0.300 |