Introduction
Methods
Study design and population
Data collection and definitions
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics according to single-vessel or multi-vessel CAD
Total (n = 987) | Single-vessel CAD (n = 270) | Multi-vessel CAD (n = 717) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 62 (54, 69) | 58 (51, 67) | 63 (56, 70) | < 0.001 |
Male (n, %) | 706 (71.50%) | 205 (75.90%) | 501 (69.90%) | 0.060 |
NGR (n, %) | 262 (26.60%) | 85 (31.50%) | 177 (24.70%) | < 0.001 |
Pre-DM (n, %) | 336 (34%) | 114 (42.20%) | 222 (31%) | |
DM (n, %) | 389 (39.40%) | 71 (26.30%) | 318 (44.40%) | |
Smoking (n, %) | 428 (43.40%) | 130 (48.10%) | 298 (41.60%) | 0.063 |
Drinking (n, %) | 134 (13.60%) | 41 (15.20%) | 93 (13%) | 0.365 |
Hypertension (n, %) | 475 (48.10%) | 114 (42.20%) | 361 (50.30%) | 0.023 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.39 (23.03, 28.01) | 25.10 (23.12, 28.08) | 25.39 (23.03, 27.97) | 0.762 |
HbA1c (%) | 6 (5.60, 7) | 5.80 (5.53, 6.30) | 6.10 (5.60, 7.30) | < 0.001 |
Glucose (mmol/l) | 7.33 (5.99, 9.85) | 6.62 (5.48, 7.97) | 7.67 (6.21, 10.69) | < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/l) | 4.71 (3.95, 5.51) | 4.75 (3.99, 5.42) | 4.68 (3.93, 5.52) | 0.924 |
TG (mmol/l) | 1.29 (0.91, 1.81) | 1.28 (0.96, 1.77) | 1.30 (0.90, 1.85) | 0.959 |
HDL-C(mmol/l) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.28) | 1.14 (0.94, 1.33) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.26) | 0.074 |
LDL-C(mmol/l) | 3.07 (2.44, 3.73) | 3.10 (2.48, 3.66) | 3.05 (2.39, 3.77) | 0.957 |
UA (umol/l) | 376.05 (307.08, 459.03) | 376 (313.45, 449.48) | 376.20 (304.95, 461.43) | 0.782 |
Cr (umol/l) | 80 (67, 97.25) | 78 (66, 90) | 81 (67, 100) | 0.091 |
BNP (pg/ml) | 732 (227.50, 2240) | 488 (175, 1477.25) | 867 (243, 2544.50) | < 0.001 |
D-dimer (ug/ml) | 106 (58, 224.25) | 91.50 (50, 212.75) | 110.50 (61, 225.25) | 0.029 |
CRP (mg/l) | 6.46 (2.45, 13.48) | 5.72 (2.05, 13.07) | 6.79 (2.64, 13.70) | 0.086 |
LAD (mm) | 35.80 (32.58, 38.70) | 35.25 (32.13, 38.28) | 36 (32.80, 38.90) | 0.030 |
LVDd (mm) | 46.90 (43.90, 50.20) | 47 (44, 49.70) | 46.85 (43.90, 50.50) | 0.480 |
LVDs (mm) | 30 (26.10, 34.50) | 30 (25.73, 33.95) | 30 (26.20, 34.63) | 0.103 |
IVS (mm) | 10.80 (10.10, 11.70) | 10.70 (10, 11.60) | 10.90 (10.10, 11.70) | 0.128 |
LVPW (mm) | 10.50 (10, 11.20) | 10.50 (10, 11.08) | 10.50 (10, 11.20) | 0.624 |
LVEF (%) | 58 (58.88, 62) | 58.40 (51.63, 62) | 58 (48, 62) | 0.028 |
SHR | 1.05 (0.88, 1.23) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.17) | 1.07 (0.90, 1.27) | < 0.001 |
Baseline characteristics according to the tertiles of SHR
Total (n = 987) | T1(n = 329) | T2(n = 330) | T3(n = 328) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 62 (54, 69) | 63 (55, 69) | 62(53, 69.25) | 63 (55, 69) | 0.465 |
Male (n, %) | 706 (71.50%) | 250 (76%) | 242(73.30%) | 214 (65.20%) | 0.006 |
NGR (n, %) | 262 (26.60%) | 79 (24%) | 112(33.9) | 71 (21.60%) | < 0.001 |
Pre-DM (n, %) | 336 (34%) | 132 (40.10%) | 117 (35.50%) | 87 (26.50%) | |
DM (n, %) | 389 (39.40%) | 118 (35.90%) | 101 (30.60%) | 170 (51.80%) | |
Smoking (n, %) | 428 (43.40%) | 168 (51.10%) | 147 (44.50%) | 113 (34.50%) | < 0.001 |
Drinking (n, %) | 134 (13.60%) | 48 (14.60%) | 46 (13.9%) | 40 (12.20%) | 0.651 |
Hypertension (n, %) | 475 (48.10%) | 162 (49.20%) | 154 (46.70%) | 159 (48.50%) | 0.794 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.39 (23.03, 28.01) | 25.09 (23.12, 27.78) | 25.75 (23.03, 28.41) | 25.39 (22.76, 27.55) | 0.544 |
HbA1c (%) | 6 (5.60, 7) | 5.90 (5.60, 6.70) | 5.80 (5.50, 6.53) | 6.20 (5.70, 7.60) | < 0.001 |
Glucose (mmol/l) | 7.33 (5.99, 9.85) | 5.74 (5.19, 6.49) | 7.05 (6.39, 8.34) | 10.22 (8.28, 13.82) | < 0.001 |
TC (mmol/l) | 4.71 (3.95, 5.51) | 4.47 (3.81, 5.28) | 4.84 (4.07, 5.68) | 4.83 (4.01, 5.52) | 0.002 |
TG (mmol/l) | 1.29 (0.91, 1.81) | 1.41 (1.04, 1.99) | 1.21 (0.88, 1.68) | 1.23 (0.86, 1.72) | < 0.001 |
HDL-C(mmol/l) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.28) | 1 (0.86, 1.22) | 1.16(0.97, 1.30) | 1.13 (0.96, 1.29) | < 0.001 |
LDL-C(mmol/l) | 3.07 (2.44, 3.73) | 2.87 (2.22, 3.52) | 3.20 (2.58, 3.90) | 3.21 (2.51, 3.72) | < 0.001 |
UA (umol/l) | 376.05 (307.08, 459.03) | 371.40 (306.75, 462.60) | 384.05 (306.58, 463.85) | 371.80 (307.70, 448.10) | 0.694 |
Cr (umol/l) | 80 (67, 97.25) | 79 (66.50, 97.50) | 81 (66, 97) | 82 (68, 99) | 0.446 |
BNP (pg/ml) | 732 (227.50, 2240) | 633 (217, 1831.50) | 744 (242, 2007.25) | 904 (217, 2808) | 0.131 |
D-dimer (ug/ml) | 106 (58, 224.25) | 105 (54.50, 202.50) | 109 (59.75, 217) | 101 (58, 241) | 0.945 |
CRP (mg/l) | 6.46 (2.45, 13.48) | 6.79 (2.35, 13.28) | 6.49 (2.12, 13.61) | 6.30 (2.73, 13.70) | 0.951 |
LAD (mm) | 35.80 (32.58, 38.70) | 35.60 (32.10, 38.60) | 35.85 (32.65, 38.80) | 36 (33, 38.70) | 0.415 |
LVDd (mm) | 46.90 (43.90, 50.20) | 46.90 (43.80, 50.15) | 47 (44, 50.20) | 46.60 (44, 50.50) | 0.938 |
LVDs (mm) | 30 (26.10, 34.50) | 29.70 (25.90, 34.75) | 30 (26.18, 34.75) | 30.20 (26.30, 34.90) | 0.868 |
IVS (mm) | 10.80 (10.10, 11.70) | 10.80 (10.10, 11.60) | 10.80 (10.10, 11.70) | 10.80 (10.10, 11.80) | 0.984 |
LVPW (mm) | 10.50 (10, 11.20) | 10.50 (10, 11.05) | 10.50(10, 11.20) | 10.50 (10, 11.20) | 0.945 |
LVEF (%) | 58 (58.88, 62) | 58.50 (52, 62) | 58 (49, 61) | 57 (47, 62) | 0.069 |
Multi-vessel CAD (n, %) | 717 (72.60%) | 210 (29.30%) | 249 (34.70%) | 258 (36%) | < 0.001 |
Relationship between CAD severity and various risk factors
Variables | Multi-vessel coronary artery disease | ||
---|---|---|---|
OR(95%CI) | β | P-value | |
Age | 1.033 (1.020–1.046) | 0.032 | < 0.001 |
Sex | |||
Male | Reference | ||
Female | 1.360 (0.986–1.875) | 0.307 | 0.061 |
Glucose metabolism state | |||
NGR | Reference | ||
Pre-DM | 0.935 (0.663–1.318) | − 0.067 | 0.702 |
DM | 2.151 (1.493–3.098) | 0.766 | < 0.001 |
Smoking | |||
NO | Reference | ||
YES | 0.766 (0.578–1.015) | − 0.267 | 0.063 |
Drinking | |||
NO | Reference | ||
YES | 0.832 (0.559–1.239) | − 0.183 | 0.366 |
Hypertension | |||
NO | Reference | ||
YES | 1.388 (1.046–1.840) | 0.328 | 0.023 |
BMI | 1.015 (0.971–1.061) | 0.015 | 0.502 |
HbA1c | 1.293 (1.148–1.456) | 0.257 | < 0.001 |
Glucose | 1.180 (1.119–1.245) | 0.166 | < 0.001 |
TC | 1.005 (0.897–1.126) | 0.005 | 0.936 |
TG | 1.009 (0.884–1.151) | 0.009 | 0.896 |
HDL-C | 0.568 (0.344–0.938) | − 0.566 | 0.027 |
LDL-C | 0.996 (0.868–1.144) | − 0.004 | 0.960 |
UA | 1.002 (0.999–1.006) | 0.002 | 0.117 |
Cr | 0.999 (0.998–1.001) | < − 0.001 | 0.972 |
BNP | 1.000 (1.000–1.001) | < 0.001 | 0.009 |
D-dimer | 1.000 (0.999–1.001) | < 0.001 | 0.763 |
CRP | 1.020 (0.994–1.047) | 0.020 | 0.135 |
LAD | 1.032 (1.000–1.064) | 0.031 | 0.048 |
LVDd | 1.013 (0.988–1.039) | 0.013 | 0.319 |
LVDs | 1.021 (0.999–1.043) | 0.021 | 0.053 |
IVS | 1.068 (0.962–1.187) | 0.066 | 0.216 |
LVPW | 1.021 (0.909–1.146) | 0.020 | 0.731 |
LVEF | 0.999 (0.999–1.000) | < − 0.001 | 0.053 |
SHR | 4.590 (2.598–8.111) | 1.524 | < 0.001 |
Association between SHR and CAD severity
Variables | Multi-vessel coronary artery disease | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |
SHR | 4.590 (2.598–8.111) | < 0.001 | 4.567 (2.555–8.163) | < 0.001 | 4.047 (2.137–7.663) | < 0.001 |
T1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||
T2 | 1.742 (1.244–2.440) | 0.001 | 1.813 (1.287–2.554) | 0.001 | 1.939 (1.341–2.804) | < 0.001 |
T3 | 2.089 (1.476–2.955) | < 0.001 | 2.061 (1.449–2.932) | < 0.001 | 1.860 (1.272–2.719) | 0.001 |
The predictive value of SHR for CAD severity
Variable | AUC | 95% CI | Cut-off value | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SHR | 0.613 | 0.572–0.653 | 0.840 | 85.8 | 33.0 |
Correlations between SHR and CAD severity in different glucose metabolism states
Glucose regulation state | Variables | Multi-vessel coronary artery disease | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | |||||
OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
NGR | SHR | 2.982 (0.911–9.759) | 0.071 | 2.903 (0.845–9.982) | 0.091 | 3.715 (0.957–14.412) | 0.058 |
T1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
T2 | 1.546 (0.842–2.838) | 0.16 | 1.534 (0.809–2.910) | 0.190 | 1.879 (0.944–3.740) | 0.073 | |
T3 | 1.538 (0.778–3.038) | 0.216 | 1.526 (0.750–3.106) | 0.244 | 1.828 (0.854–3.914) | 0.120 | |
Pre-DM | SHR | 5.655 (1.899–16.837) | 0.002 | 5.536 (1.838–16.674) | 0.002 | 5.833 (1.805–18.852) | 0.003 |
T1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
T2 | 1.799 (1.061–3.049) | 0.029 | 1.876 (1.092–3.223) | 0.023 | 1.905 (1.077–3.370) | 0.027 | |
T3 | 1.934 (1.079–3.466) | 0.027 | 1.871 (1.034–3.386) | 0.038 | 1.890 (1.012–3.528) | 0.046 | |
DM | SHR | 3.623 (1.527–8.595) | 0.003 | 3.722 (1.561–8.874) | 0.003 | 3.855 (1.494–9.947) | 0.005 |
T1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
T2 | 2.312 (1.154–4.634) | 0.018 | 2.309 (1.150–4.637) | 0.019 | 1.983 (0.935–4.201) | 0.074 | |
T3 | 2.158 (1.200–3.883) | 0.010 | 2.190 (1.214–3.951) | 0.009 | 2.059 (1.063–3.988) | 0.032 |