Background
Materials and methods
Model structure
Efficacy estimates
Utility estimates
Cost inputs
Clinical inputs
Sensitivity analysis
Variable | Baseline value | Range | α | β | mean | SE | Reference for baseline value | Distribution (parameters) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Minimum | Maximum | ||||||||
Cycle | 6 weeks | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Horizon | Lifetime | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
WTP, U.S.$/QALY | 38,142.56 | - | - | - | - | - | - | [20] | - |
Discount rate | 0.05 | 0 | 0.08 | - | - | - | - | [20] | - |
Mean body surface area, m2 | 1.80 | 1.50 | 1.90 | - | - | - | - | [32] | - |
Patients’ weight, kg | 65 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Pembrolizumab group _ AE incidence | |||||||||
Diarrhea | 0.060 | 0.048 | 0.072 | 90.218 | 1413.409 | 0.060 | 0.006 | [15] | Beta |
Anemia | 0.050 | 0.040 | 0.060 | 91.188 | 1732.572 | 0.050 | 0.005 | Beta | |
Hypokalemia | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.012 | 95.070 | 9411.890 | 0.010 | 0.001 | Beta | |
Neutropenia | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | - | - | 0.000 | 0.000 | Beta | |
Chemotherapy group _ AE incidence | |||||||||
Diarrhea | 0.110 | 0.088 | 0.132 | 85.366 | 690.685 | 0.110 | 0.011 | [15] Assumed the incidence of neutrophil count decrease multiplied by 0.5 is included in neutropenia | Beta |
Anemia | 0.100 | 0.080 | 0.120 | 86.336 | 777.024 | 0.100 | 0.010 | Beta | |
Hypokalemia | 0.060 | 0.048 | 0.072 | 90.218 | 1413.409 | 0.060 | 0.006 | Beta | |
Neutropenia | 0.235 | 0.188 | 0.282 | 73.236 | 238.405 | 0.235 | 0.024 | Beta | |
Pembrolizumab group second-line therapy proportion | |||||||||
Pembrolizumab | 0.100 | 0.080 | 0.120 | 86.336 | 777.024 | 0.100 | 0.010 | KEYNOTE-177, assumed only the second-line treatments of a proportion of more than 2% were considered in our analysis | Beta |
Other PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint Inhibitor | 0.075 | 0.060 | 0.090 | 88.762 | 1094.731 | 0.075 | 0.008 | Beta | |
Chemotherapy | 0.438 | 0.350 | 0.525 | 53.585 | 68.895 | 0.438 | 0.045 | Beta | |
VEGF inhibitor | 0.275 | 0.220 | 0.330 | 69.354 | 182.842 | 0.275 | 0.028 | Beta | |
EGFR Inhibitor | 0.113 | 0.090 | 0.135 | 85.123 | 671.526 | 0.113 | 0.011 | Beta | |
Chemotherapy group second-line therapy proportion | |||||||||
Pembrolizumab | 0.427 | 0.342 | 0.513 | 54.557 | 73.068 | 0.427 | 0.044 | KEYNOTE-177, assumed only the second-line treatments of a proportion of more than 2% were considered in our analysis | Beta |
Other PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint Inhibitor | 0.282 | 0.226 | 0.339 | 68.632 | 174.362 | 0.282 | 0.029 | Beta | |
Chemotherapy | 0.153 | 0.122 | 0.183 | 81.225 | 450.797 | 0.153 | 0.016 | Beta | |
VEGF inhibitor | 0.099 | 0.079 | 0.119 | 86.410 | 784.338 | 0.099 | 0.010 | Beta | |
EGFR Inhibitor | 0.038 | 0.031 | 0.046 | 92.336 | 2326.872 | 0.038 | 0.004 | Beta | |
Health preferences | |||||||||
Utility of PFS | 0.7825 | 0.75 | 0.84 | 245.001 | 63.176 | 0.795 | 0.023 | [23] | Beta |
Utility of PD | 0.64 | 0.576 | 0.704 | 137.658 | 77.432 | 0.640 | 0.033 | [25] | Beta |
Disutility due to AEs (grade ≥ 3) | |||||||||
Diarrhea | -0.090 | -0.072 | -0.108 | 14.470 | 146.308 | -0.090 | 0.023 | Beta | |
Anemia | -0.085 | -0.068 | -0.102 | 14.555 | 156.680 | -0.085 | 0.021 | Beta | |
Hypokalemia | -0.080 | -0.064 | -0.096 | 14.640 | 168.360 | -0.080 | 0.020 | Beta | |
Neutropenia | -0.0607 | -0.049 | -0.073 | 14.968 | 231.623 | -0.061 | 0.015 | Beta | |
Drug cost, U.S.$/mg | |||||||||
Pembrolizumab | 179.18 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2022 Local charge | Fix |
Oxaliplatin | 3.4 | 2.72 | 4.08 | 16.000 | 0.213 | 3.400 | 0.850 | Gamma | |
Leucovorin | 0.25 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 16.000 | 0.016 | 0.250 | 0.063 | Gamma | |
5-FU | 0.29 | 0.232 | 0.348 | 16.000 | 0.018 | 0.290 | 0.073 | Gamma | |
Bevacizumab | 15 | 11.88 | 15 | 16.000 | 0.840 | 13.440 | 3.360 | Gamma | |
Cetuximab | 12.04 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Fix | |
Irinotecan | 17.73 | 14.05 | 24.9 | 16.000 | 1.217 | 19.475 | 4.869 | Gamma | |
Nivolumab | 96.2 | - | - | - | - | - | - | Fix | |
Capecitabine | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 16.000 | 0.002 | 0.025 | 0.006 | Gamma | |
AE cost, U.S.$ | |||||||||
Diarrhea | 392.44 | 313.95 | 470.93 | 16.000 | 24.527 | 392.439 | 98.110 | [31] | Gamma |
Anemia | 724.64 | 579.71 | 869.57 | 16.000 | 45.290 | 724.638 | 181.160 | [30] | Gamma |
Hypokalemia | 157.28 | 125.82 | 188.73 | 16.000 | 9.830 | 157.275 | 39.319 | [30], assumed same as fatigue | Gamma |
Neutropenia | 628.96 | 503.17 | 754.76 | 16.000 | 39.310 | 628.965 | 157.241 | [30] | Gamma |
Administration, U.S.$/attendance | 310.16 | 248.13 | 372.19 | 16.000 | 19.385 | 310.160 | 77.540 | Local charge | Gamma |
Cost of BSC, U.S.$/cycle | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | Assumed to be 0 | - |
Follow up, U.S.$/cycle | 31.33 | 25.06 | 37.60 | 16.000 | 1.958 | 31.330 | 7.833 | Gamma |
Results
Base case results
Strategy | Chemotherapy | Pembrolizumab |
---|---|---|
Cost (U.S.$) | 151,412.44 | 229,698.49 |
LYs | 6.22 | 9.22 |
QALYs | 4.13 | 6.71 |
Incremental cost (U.S.$)a | NA | 78,286.04 |
Incremental LYsa | NA | 3.00 |
Incremental QALYsa | NA | 2.58 |
Incremental cost per LY gaineda | NA | $8,284.72 |
Incremental cost per QALY gaineda | NA | $30,330.15 |