Introduction
Methods
Study design and sampling
Questionnaire and data collection
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of the study participants
Characteristics | Mean ± SD | N (%) |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 44.62 ± 10.8 | |
Gender | ||
Male | 185 (57.3%) | |
Female | 138 (42.7%) | |
Work region | ||
Beirut | 64 (19.8%) | |
Mount Lebanon | 178 (55.1%) | |
Bekaa, South and North of Lebanon | 81 (25.1%) | |
Graduation university | ||
Public: LU | 117 (36.2%) | |
Private: USJ or BAU | 112 (34.7%) | |
Abroad | 94 (29.1%) | |
Years of experience* | ||
≤ 10 | 88 (27.2%) | |
> 10 | 231 (71.5%) | |
Specialty (1)† | ||
General practitioner | 155 (48%) | |
Oral surgeon | 64 (19.8%) | |
Implant surgeon | 43(13.3%) | |
Orthodontist | 30(9.3%) | |
Endodontic | 29 (9%) | |
Periodontic | 25 (7.7%) | |
Prosthodontic | 22 (6.8%) | |
Restorative Dentist | 18(5.6%) | |
Other | 21 (6.5%) | |
Specialty (2) | ||
General practitioner only | 84(26%) | |
Surgeon (oral, implant) | 104(32.2%) | |
Specialist dentist | 135(41.8%) | |
Employment status | ||
Self-employed | 221(68.4%) | |
Employee | 95 (29.4%) | |
Unemployed | 7 (2.2%) | |
Living with family members | ||
Yes | 233 (72.1%) | |
No | 90(27.9%) | |
Comorbidities† | ||
None | 268 (83%) | |
Hypertension | 20 (6.2%) | |
Diabetes | 18 (5.6%) | |
Cardiovascular disease | 9 (2.8%) | |
Obesity | 10 (3.1%) | |
Respiratory disease | 5 (1.5%) | |
Active cancer | 2 (0.6%) | |
Immunodeficiency | 5 (1.5%) |
Knowledge towards COVID-19
Answers | N (%) | |
---|---|---|
Incubation period (days) | ||
1–14 | Correct | 238 (73.7) |
2–7 | Incorrect | 28 (8.7) |
7–14 | Incorrect | 25 (7.7) |
7–21 | Incorrect | 25 (7.7) |
I don’t know | Incorrect | 7 (2.2) |
Symptoms | ||
Fever | Correct | 320 (99.1) |
Fatigue | Correct | 295 (91.3) |
Dry cough | Correct | 299 (92.6) |
Headache | Correct | 300 (92.6) |
Shortness of breath | Correct | 296 (91.6) |
Diarrhea | Correct | 155 (48) |
Vomiting | Correct | 134 (41.5) |
Runny nose | Correct | 161 (49.8) |
Sore throat | Correct | 240 (74.3) |
Red eyes | Correct | 98 (30.3) |
Skin rash | Correct | 137 (42.4) |
Joint or muscle pain | Correct | 197 (61) |
Loss of smell and taste | Correct | 263 (81.4) |
May present with no symptoms | Correct | 308 (95.4) |
I don’t know | Incorrect | 1 (0.3) |
Mode of transmission | ||
Droplets | Correct | 310 (96) |
Coughing and sneezing | Correct | 319 (98.8) |
Hand shaking | Correct | 264 (81.7) |
Touching surfaces such as doorknobs and tables | Correct | 257 (79.6) |
Contact with blood | Incorrect | 169 (52.3) |
Contact with stools | Incorrect | 71 (22) |
I don’t know | Incorrect | 1 (0.3) |
Transmission is possible when | ||
Symptomatic | Correct | 300 (92.9) |
Asymptomatic | Correct | 217 (67.2) |
Asymptomatic with positive PCR | Correct | 300 (92.9) |
I don’t know | Incorrect | 7 (2.2) |
Molecules under investigation in clinical trials | ||
Chloroquine | Correct | 156 (48.3) |
Hydroxychloroquine | Correct | 293 (90.7) |
Azithromycin | Correct | 100 (31) |
Ivermectin | Correct | 49 (15.2) |
Remdesivir | Correct | 124 (38.4) |
Lopinavir | Correct | 92 (28.5) |
Ritonavir | Correct | 89 (27.6) |
Fluoroquinolones | Incorrect | 12 (3.7) |
Methylprednisolone | Correct | 9 (2.8) |
Penicillin | Incorrect | 10 (3.1) |
Oseltamivir | Incorrect | 11 (3.4) |
Thalidomide | Correct | 6 (1.9) |
I don’t know | Incorrect | 14 (4.3) |
COVID-19 symptoms often resolve with time and do not require any special treatment | ||
True | Correct | 250 (77.4) |
False | Incorrect | 58 (18) |
I don’t know | Incorrect | 15 (4.6) |
All mouthwash has a high virucidal activity against COVID-19 | ||
True | Incorrect | 99 (30.7) |
False | Incorrect | 55 (17) |
There is a lack of studies | Correct | 139 (43) |
I don’t know | Incorrect | 30 (9.3) |
Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Knowledge | |
Range of index achieved | 12–34 |
Mean ± SD | 24.51 ± 4.65 |
Level of knowledge | |
Low (≤ 59%) n (%) | 104 (32.2) |
Moderate (60–79%) n (%) | 170 (52.6) |
High (80–100%) n (%) | 49 (15.2) |
Prevention measures | |
Range of index achieved | 4–16 |
Mean ± SD | 11.39 ± 2.61 |
Level of prevention measures | |
Low (≤ 59%) n (%) | 68 (21.1) |
Moderate (60–79%) n (%) | 143 (44.3) |
High (80–100%) n (%) | 112 (34.7) |
Prevention measures towards COVID-19
N (%) | |
---|---|
a. Prevention measures adopted in the dental clinic | |
Use high-speed evacuation (saliva evacuator) for dental procedures producing an droplets or aerosols | 210 (65%) |
Avoid operations that can produce droplets or aerosols | 186 (57.6%) |
Frequently clean hands by using alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water | 309 (95.7%) |
Routinely clean and disinfect surfaces in contact with known or suspected patients | 292 (90.4%) |
Use personal protective equipment (such as dental goggles, masks, and gloves) only with patients with known or suspected COVID-19 infection | 301 (93.2%) |
Avoid moving and transporting patients out of their area unless necessary | 177 (54.8%) |
All health staff members wear protective clothing | 274 (84.8%) |
Place patients with known or suspected patients COVID-19 infection in adequately ventilated single rooms | 99 (30.7%) |
b. Measures adopted with patients in the dental clinic | |
Ask patients to sit far from each other | 249 (77.1%) |
Ask patients to wear masks while in the waiting room | 314 (97.2%) |
Ask patients to wash hands before getting in the dental chair | 285 (88.2%) |
Take patient’s temperature when they arrive at the clinic | 294 (91%) |
Screen patients for signs and symptoms of COVID-19 infection | 229 (70.9%) |
Ask patients about recent travel | 203 (62.8%) |
Ask patients about recent contact with a person with known or suspected COVID-19 infection | 138 (42.7%) |
Use a rubber dam | 122 (37.8%) |
Other practices and attitudes towards COVID-19
Factors associated with knowledge towards COVID-19
Unstandardized Beta | 95% CI of unstandardized Beta | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
a. Multivariate linear regression for the factors associated with knowledge index | |||
Age (years) | -0.15 | -0.20; -0.09 | < 0.001 |
Work region | |||
Beirut | ref | ||
Mount Lebanon | 2.66 | 1.54; 3.78 | < 0.001 |
Others | -0.44 | -1.35; 1.26 | 0.947 |
Employment status | |||
Employee | ref | ||
Self-employed | -1.12 | -2.16; -0.09 | 0.034 |
Un-employed | 2.74 | -0.16; 5.64 | 0.064 |
Dentist’s role in teaching others about COVID-19 | |||
Not significant | ref | ||
Moderately significant | 2.88 | 1.39; 4.36 | < 0.001 |
Very significant | 2.38 | 0.92; 3.84 | 0.001 |
Adjusted OR | 95% CI of the adjusted OR | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
b. Multivariate logistic regression for the factors associated with high prevention measures index (low and moderate combined as a reference) | |||
Work region | |||
Beirut | ref | ||
Others | 0.74 | 0.35; 1.56 | 0.427 |
Mount Lebanon | 0.34 | 0.17; 0.69 | 0.003 |
Specialty | |||
General practitioner | ref | ||
Surgeon | 0.59 | 0.31; 1.15 | 0.121 |
Specialist | 0.48 | 0.25; 0.91 | 0.024 |
Living with family members | |||
No | ref | ||
Yes | 2.31 | 1.23; 4.34 | 0.010 |
Dentist’s role in teaching others about COVID-19 | |||
Not significant | ref | ||
Moderately Significant | 2.76 | 1.04; 7.31 | 0.041 |
Very Significant | 2.13 | 0.82; 5.58 | 0.123 |
Afraid about family members to get infected with COVID-19 | |||
No | ref | ||
Yes | 2.05 | 1.00; 4.19 | 0.050 |
Knowledge index | 1.15 | 1.08; 1.23 | < 0.001 |