Open Access
01.12.2021 | COVID-19 | Research article
The perception of Italian pregnant women and new mothers about their psychological wellbeing, lifestyle, delivery, and neonatal management experience during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a web-based survey
verfasst von:
Viviana Stampini, Alice Monzani, Silvia Caristia, Gianluigi Ferrante, Martina Gerbino, Alberto De Pedrini, Roberta Amadori, Ivana Rabbone, Daniela Surico
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, drastic measures for social distancing have been introduced also in Italy, likely with a substantial impact in delicate conditions like pregnancy and puerperium. The study aimed to investigate the changes in lifestyle, access to health services, and mental wellbeing during the first Italian lockdown in a sample of Italian pregnant women and new mothers.
Methods
We carried out a web-based survey to evaluate how pregnant women and new mothers were coping with the lockdown. We collected data about healthy habits (physical exercise and dietary habits), access to health services (care access, delivery and obstetric care, neonatal care, and breastfeeding), and mental wellbeing (psychological well-being and emotive support). Descriptive analysis was performed for both groups of participants, whereas a Poisson analysis was used to measure the association between some structural variables (age, education, socio-economic data, partner support, contact, free time, previous children, and pregnancy trimester) and anxiety or depression, difficulties in healthy eating and reduction in physical activity after lockdown started. Chi2 and Adjusted Prevalence Ratios were estimated only for pregnant women.
Results
We included 739 respondents (response rate 85.8 %), 600 were pregnant (81.2 %), and 139 (18.8 %) had delivered during lockdown (new mothers). We found a high score for anxiety and depression in 62.8 % of pregnant women and 61.9 % of new mothers. During the lockdown, 61.8 % of pregnant women reduced their physical exercise, and 44.3 % reported eating in a healthier way. 94.0 % of new mothers reported to have breastfed their babies during the hospital stay. Regarding the perceived impact of restrictive measures on breastfeeding, no impact was reported by 56.1 % of new mothers, whereas a negative one by 36.7 %.
Conclusions
The high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women and new mothers should be a public health issue. Clinicians might also recommend and encourage “home” physical exercise. On the other hand, about half of the sample improved their approach towards healthy eating and a very high breastfeeding rate was reported soon after birth: these data are an interesting starting point to develop new strategies for public health.
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Background
Since the severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoV-2 started to spread across several countries, the World Health Organization declared that the outbreak was a public health emergency of international concern (http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic). Based on the Chinese experience [1], starting from March 9th, 2020, drastic measures have been introduced also in Italy: citizens were banned from leaving their homes unless for urgent needs. As a consequence, a sudden and radical change in habits and lifestyles of the whole population, a minimization of socialization, and changes in both interpersonal relationships and organization of work occurred. Hospital activity was radically changed: many departments were closed to create COVID-19 dedicated hospital wards, the rest of the clinical activity was downsized, and contacts with patients were reduced to a minimum. Measures such as redefinition of care priorities and several restrictions would presumably lead to changes in the health of the population in the coming months or years.
There are still many unanswered questions regarding the effects of lockdown measures on pregnant women [2, 3]. Healthcare workers are facing an important challenge in terms of reshaping obstetric care to avoid unnecessary exposure to patients, without impairing the required attention. Although obstetric units have not diminished their working activity, there have been changes in territorial and hospital care. The pre-birth courses have been officially stopped; some screening tests have been performed much less frequently, due to reduced patient access or to difficulties in providing services. Family members and partner presence during important moments, such as ultrasound scans and hospitalization, has been reduced for safety reasons.
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Most of the pregnant women and new mothers were forced into homebound isolation, often with other children to look after, without any domestic help [4]. On the other hand, some women may have welcomed the chance of working from home and, in some cases, they may have benefited from a greater presence of their partner.
It can be assumed that these changes influenced pregnancy, puerperium, and newborn management with consequences worthy of obstetrics consideration [3]. While published studies on the possible effects of COVID-19 disease in pregnant women and infants are increasing [5], there are only a few studies [6, 7, 8] dealing with the psychological effects of the pandemic on pregnant women and new mothers.
The purpose of this study was to describe the lifestyle, access to health services, and mental wellbeing of Italian pregnant women and new mothers during the first phase of lockdown (April – May, 2020). In addition, we aimed to assess the association between socio-demographic characteristics and living/housing conditions with (i) anxiety and depression, (ii) healthy eating habits, and (iii) physical exercise.
Methods
Study Design, setting and participants
A survey investigating lifestyle, access to health services, and mental wellbeing of Italian pregnant women and new mothers was conducted from April 9th, 2020 to May 3rd, 2020. It was a cross-sectional study based on an anonymous web survey to collect information through an online electronic questionnaire, accessible from smartphones, tablets, and personal computers.
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Survey methodology
To recruit respondents, a non-probabilistic snowball sampling approach was used, disseminating the weblink of the online survey through social media (Facebook and Instagram pages addressing new mothers and pregnant women) and newspaper sections on women issues. Individuals were directed via an electronic link to an online survey platform (Google Forms). Duplicate entries were avoided by asking people to provide their e-mail address at the end of the survey; duplicate entries having the same e-mail address were eliminated before the analysis and the first entry was kept. The survey was not displayed a second time once the responder had filled it in, but the link to pass it on to others was available. Responses to the survey were automatically captured into a database. All responses included a non-response option, such as “not applicable” or “rather not say” in order to avoid missing data.
Ethical considerations
The survey was preceded by a fact sheet including information on what the research was about, the reason the research was being conducted, how the data would be used, how the privacy of the data would be maintained, and information in case the respondents changed their mind during the survey, along with contact details for further information. Afterward, consent to participate was obtained at the very beginning of the survey, as participants were required to check a box to indicate their consent before accessing the questionnaire. The participation in the survey was voluntary and anonymous. Approval was obtained from the local Ethical Committee (Comitato Etico Interaziendale Novara CE 71/20), which conformed to the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Variables and data sources
Expected outcomes of the baseline analysis included different topics that could be influenced by the lockdown measures and were categorized in different analysis domains, related to pregnancy and puerperium.
For the pregnancy group, the analyzed domains were 1- psychological well-being and support; 2- physical exercise; 3- dietary habits; 4- access to care. Regarding puerperium, the analyzed domains were 5- psychological well-being and support; 6- delivery and obstetric care; 7- neonatal care and breastfeeding.
Due to the lack of validated questionnaires about this topic, the authors reviewed previous and current surveys [9] on the impact of the pandemic and included additional questions related to pregnancy and birth [10, 11, 12], developing an ad hoc questionnaire (Supplementary material). To investigate the psychological impact, we used the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (the PHQ-4)[13]. PHQ-4 is a four-item scale with a total score ranging from 0 to 12 that aims to identify the following categories of psychological distress: none (0–2), mild (3-5), moderate (6-8), and severe (9-12). The questionnaire was tested in a sample of voluntary pregnant women and new mothers with different characteristics (age, education, parity) who reviewed the questionnaire individually and provided verbal feedback, and it was also submitted to a panel of experts (psychologists, midwives, epidemiologists), for content validity and construct coherence. Completion time was about 15 min. The survey was performed according to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES) [11].
The survey consisted of a common part including sociodemographic and psychological questions, addressing both pregnant women and new mothers, followed by a specific part dedicated either to pregnant women or women who gave birth during the lockdown, each divided into subsections of questions, addressing different analysis domains. The completion of only some items of the survey was mandatory for all who visited the site. All submitted questionnaires were complete for the mandatory items. Items in the survey were not randomized or alternated for different survey respondents. Certain questions only displayed based on responses to other questions.
Statistical analysis
A descriptive analysis was carried out to report the main socio-demographic characteristics and the living and housing conditions of the respondents by frequency distribution, separately for pregnant women and new mothers. Among pregnant women, psychological aspects, living habits during lockdown, and access to care were described, and among new mothers, the experience related to childbirth during lockdown was reported.
Crude associations between socio-demographic characteristics, living and housing conditions, and (i) anxiety and depression, (ii) healthy eating habits, and (iii) physical exercise were assessed by the chi2 test, setting the level of significance at 0.05. Poisson regression models were used to assess the same associations, adjusted for the variables included in the analysis (age, education, economically satisfied, satisfied with their home, partner support, contact with other people, availability of free time, having other children at home, and trimester of pregnancy). Adjusted Prevalence Ratios (Adj PR) were calculated along with 95 % confidence intervals.
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Response rates for both groups were very high (see below), so we excluded from the analysis missing data (following Complete Case Analysis) supposing a random mechanism generating missing data (Missing Completely At Random).
Statistical analysis was performed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. StataCorp LLC.
Results
The first page of the survey was visited by 861 women (Fig. 1). Eight (0.9 %) women did not give their consent to participate, 110 (12.8 %) were excluded because either not pregnant or not having delivered during lockdown, and 3 (0.5 %) because not living in Italy during the interview. Thus, we included 739 respondents from 18 different Italian regions, who completed the questionnaire (completion rate: 96 %). Overall, 600 respondents were pregnant (81.2 %) and 139 (18.8 %) had delivered in the lockdown period.
Fig. 1
Respondents’ flowchart
×
Sociodemographic, living, housing, and psychological characteristics of pregnant women and new mothers
Data are reported in Table 1. The overall response rate for these items was > 99 %. Pregnant women were aged 18 to 48 years with a mean age of 33.1 ± 4.3, 61.6 % of the sample had at least a bachelor degree, 47.7 % of the sample reported being economically satisfied (highly sufficient to their needs). Most of them (81 %) were from Northern Italy. The PHQ-4 score ranged from moderate to severe (scores from 6 to 12) for 62.8 % of women. Finally, 83.2 % of women recognized their partner as the person who was supporting them during the lockdown.
Table 1
Socio-demographic characteristics, housing and living conditions in pregnant women and new mothers
Parameter
Category
Pregnant women (N=600)
New mothers (N=139)
n
%
n
%
Socio-demographic characteristics
Age
From 18 to 34
379
63.2%
82
59.0%
From 35 to 48
221
36.8%
57
41.0%
Education
Less than Bachelor
230
38.4% a
37
26.6%
More than bachelor
369
61.6% a
102
73.4%
Area of residence
North
486
80.6%
125
89.9%
Centre
65
10.8%
12
8.6%
South
49
8.2%
2
1.4%
City or village
City or suburbs of a city
282
47.2% a
60
43.2%
Village
316
52.8% a
79
56.8%
Economic resources
Not adeguate
312
52.0% a
72
52.6% a
Very adeguate
285
47.7% a
65
47.4% a
Working conditions
In-work
454
75.8% a
108
78.3% a
Not in-work
145
24.2% a
30
21.7% a
Housing
House size
Less than 100 sm
387
64.5%
94
67.6%
More than 100 sm
213
35.5%
45
32.4%
Satisfied with the house
no
232
38.7%
54
38.8%
yes
368
61.3%
85
61.1%
Presence of a garden
Yes
253
42.2%
53
38.4%
No
347
57.8%
85
61.6%
Adequacy of electronic devices
Not adeguate
136
22.7%
41
29.5%
Very adeguate
464
77.3%
98
70.5%
Social-living
Presence of partner
Always at home
311
51.8%
70
50.4%
At home but still going to work
275
45.8%
65
46.8%
Not co-living
14
2.3%
4
2.9%
Other children at home
No
406
67.7%
99
71.2%
Yes
194
32.3%
40
28.8%
Someone else co-living
No
556
92.7%
123
88.5%
Yes
44
7.3%
16
11.5%
Contacts with other people
No
376
62.7%
71
51.4% a
Yes
224
37.3%
67
48.6% a
Adherence to the restrictions
From little to average
12
2.00%
1
0.7%
High
588
98.0%
138
99.3%
Psychological wellbeing and support
Depression and anxiety score (PHQ-4 score) b
Normal to mild
223
37.2%
53
38.1%
Moderate to severe
378
62.8%
86
61.9%
People supporting (more than one choice available)
Partner
499
83.2%
121
87.1%
Mother
392
65.3%
92
36.7%
Sister/brothers
231
38.5%
51
61.2%
Friends
284
47.3%
60
43.2%
Gynecologist
81
13.5%
7
5.0%
Midwife
68
11.3%
27
19.4%
Other women in pregnancy
112
18.7%
42
30.2%
Websites
38
6.3%
2
1.4%
a Presence of missing data for these variables. Percentages were calculated on total of respondents: PREGNANT WOMEN Education (N=599), City or village (N=598), Economic resources (N=597), Working conditions (N=599). NEW MOTHERS Economic resources (N=137), Working conditions (N=138); b PHQ-4 is a four items scale with a total score ranging from 0 to 12 and aims to identify the following categories of psychological distress: none (0-2), mild (3-5), moderate (6-8), and severe (9-12)
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New mothers were aged 25 to 41 years with a mean of 33.6 ± 4.0, 73.4 % had at least a bachelor degree, and 47.4 % of the sample was economically satisfied. Similarly to pregnant women, for 61.9 % of new mothers the PHQ-4 score ranged from moderate to severe and the partner was the most cited supporting person (87.1 %). Almost the overall sample (89.9 %) was living in Northern Italy.
Changes in the lifestyle of pregnant women during lockdown
Table 2 describes some aspects of pregnant women’s lifestyle and how the social distancing measures changed their habits (dietary habits, physical exercise, and access to care). The overall response rate for these items was > 96 %. Many women (79.0 %) declared that the greater presence of their partner positively influenced pregnancy. On the other hand, 71.7 % of them were afraid of delivering alone and 44.5 % declared they were living a stressful situation. Regarding physical exercise, the reported minutes of weekly physical activity were significantly decreased during lockdown (before: 142.2 min, 95 % CI 135.0–149.4, vs. after: 105.1 min, 95 % CI 96.7–113.4, with a mean reduction of 38.5 min ± 90.3 during the lockdown, p < 0.05). Specifically, 61.8 % of women reduced their physical exercise during the lockdown.
Table 2
Changes in lifestyle during the lockdown among pregnant women
Parameter
Category
N = 600
%
Other psychological aspects
Influence of partner at home (N = 586) a
Positive influence
444
79.0 %
Negative influence
11
2.0 %
No influence
107
19.0 %
Influence of children at home (N = 194) a
Positive influence
51
26.7 %
Negative influence
70
36.7 %
No influence
70
36.7 %
Fear of delivering alone
Low
170
28.3 %
High
430
71.7 %
Stress about the future
Low to average
333
55.5 %
High
267
44.5 %
Physical exercise
Weekly exercise before the restrictions (N = 460)
More than 2 h
268
58.3 %
Less than 2 h
192
41.7 %
Weekly exercise after the restrictions (N = 359)
More than 2 h
139
38.8 %
Less than 2 h
220
61.3 %
Changes pre vs. post lock-down of weekly minutes of physical exercise (N = 503)
As before
88
17.5 %
More than before
104
20.7 %
Less than before
311
61.8 %
Restrictions gave you the chance to exercise more
Yes
86
14.3 %
No
514
85.7 %
Not walking outside: influence on your wellbeing a
Low
115
80.8 %
High
484
19.2 %
Dietary habits
Restrictions gave you the chance to eat more healthily a
Yes
266
44.3 %
No
334
55.7 %
Access to care
Participation in online pre-birth course a
Currently participating
149
24.9 %
About to start
10
1.7 %
Not participating
439
73.4 %
Access to emergency room
Gave up to go to ER
72
12.0 %
No events
528
88.0 %
How did you solve the problem (N = 72)
Phone call with Gynecologist
56
77.8 %
Phone call with midwife
24
33.3 %
Visit to private Gynecologist
35
48.6 %
Did not resolve
5
6.9 %
did you skip any planned check up?
Yes
159
26.5 %
No
441
73.5 %
did you skip any planned test or vaccination? a
Yes
112
18.8 %
No
483
81.2 %
a Presence of missing data for these variables. Percentages were calculated on total of respondents: Influence of partner at home (N = 562), Not walking influences on your wellbeing (N = 599), Participation in online pre-birth course (N = 598), Have you skipped any planned test or vaccination (N = 595)
Concerning dietary habits, according to 44.3 % of women, social restrictions gave them the chance to eat more healthily.
Regarding access to health care services, only 24.9 % of women in our sample was attending an online pre-birth course and 12 % of them avoided access to an ob-gyn emergency department for fear of contagion, preferring phone contact with a gynecologist or a midwife. Finally, 26.5 % of our sample skipped some planned check-up and 18.8 % skipped planned tests or vaccinations.
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The experience of delivering during lockdown for new mothers
Table 3 describes the experience of delivery and baby management during lockdown. The overall response rate for these items was > 99 %. The mean gestational age at the time of delivery was 39.4 ± 1.3 weeks (range 36–42 weeks). 92.4 % of the partners had the possibility to be present during labor. 75.3 % of women declared they were afraid of giving birth during the COVID-19 pandemic. They reported that the delivery experience was as they expected in 50.8 % of cases, better than expected in 36.2 %.
Table 3
The experience of delivering during the lockdown among new mothers
Parameter
Category
N = 139
%
Delivery and obstetrics care
Delivery mode
Vaginal Eutocic
96
69.1 %
Vaginal dystonic
22
15.8 %
Caesarean section
21
15.1 %
Presence of partner during delivery (N = 118) b
Yes
109
92.4 %
No
9
15.8 %
Worried about receiving lower quality assistance because of the pandemic a
Yes
60
44.1 %
No
76
55.9 %
Reality versus expectations for you a
As expected
67
50.7 %
Better
50
36.2 %
Worst
18
13.0 %
Neonatal care and breastfeeding
Required neonatal intensive care
Yes
15
10.8 %
No
124
89.2 %
Worried about receiving lower quality neonatal assistance a
Yes
36
26.0 %
No
102
74.0 %
Reality versus expectations for your baby
As expected
83
59.7 %
Better
42
30.2 %
Worst
14
10.1 %
Influence of restrictions on neonatal management
No influence
43
30.9 %
Negative influence
85
61.2 %
Positive influence
11
7.9 %
Breastfeeding during hospital stay
Yes
131
94.0 %
No
8
6.0 %
Type of nutrition
Exclusive breastfeeding
98
70.5 %
Formula feeding
38
27.3 %
Human donor milk
3
2.2 %
Continued breastfeeding after discharge
Yes
132
95.0 %
No
7
5.0 %
Still breastfeeding at the time of survey
Yes
126
90.6 %
No
13
9.4 %
Influence of restrictions on breastfeeding
No influence
78
56.1 %
Negative influence
51
36.7 %
Positive influence
10
7.2 %
Who supported you for breastfeeding after the discharge (more than one choice available)
Midwife c
36
55.4 % d
Partner
27
41.5 % d
Relative or friend
18
27.7 % d
Pediatrician
4
6.1 % d
No support
74
53.2 %
a Presence of missing data for these variables. Percentages were calculated on total of respondents: Afraid of receiving worst assistance for the pandemic (N = 136), Reality versus expectations (N = 135), Afraid of receiving a worse neonatal assistance (N = 138); bPercentages were calculated on total of non-caesarean deliveries (N = 118); c This is the total of respondents declared any type of assistance in breastfeeding after discharge by midwife (n = 36). Among these, 20 new mothers claimed that they had assistance by a private midwife, another 20 by midwife of public surgery, and/or 5 by midwife of the hospital where they delivered. Total number is bigger than the frequency shown in Table 3 (n = 36) because this question allowed more than one choice. d Percentages were calculated on the total of women who claimed to have received support for breastfeeding after the discharge (N = 65)
Overall, the restrictive measures had a negative impact on baby management for 61.1 % of the new mothers, and no impact for 28.1 %. Most of the respondents reported to have breastfed their babies during the hospital stay (94.2 %) and about two-thirds of them started breastfeeding within the first two hours after delivery (64.7 %). During the hospital stay, 70.5 % of the babies were exclusively breastfed, 27.3 % received formula feeding, and 2.2 % received human donor milk. The majority of the new mothers declared to have continued to breastfeed their babies when discharged at home (95.0 %), and most of them (91.7 %) stated they were still breastfeeding the babies at the time of the survey, reporting exclusive breastfeeding in 85.0 % of cases and mixed with formula feeding in 5.8 %.
No impact of restrictive measures on breastfeeding was reported by 56.1 % of the new mothers, a negative impact by 36.7 %, and a positive one by 7.2 %. After hospital discharge, the respondents reported having received no support for breastfeeding in 53.2 % of cases, whereas 55.4 % of women who received support claimed that this came from a midwife and 41.5 % from their partner. Only a few of the respondents (6.1 %) reported having had support from a pediatrician for breastfeeding during the first period after discharge. In our sample, only 3 women (2.2 %) reported to have had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of delivery: all of them were separated from their newborns maintaining the possibility to feed them with expressed breast milk. Regarding the rest of the respondents, it was not known if they were not tested or tested negative, because it was not inquired in the survey.
Adjusted analysis for pregnant women
Table 4 shows χ2 and prevalence across independent variables and three crucial outcomes in the pregnant women group: PH4 scores from moderate to severe, difficulties in healthy eating and reduction in physical exercise.
Table 4
Changes in mental wellness and lifestyles during lockdown by socio-demographic characteristics, housing and living conditions
Anxiety and depression
Difficulties in healthy eating
Reduction in physical exercise
PHQ-4 Moderate to Severe N (%)
Chi2 p-value
PR (95% CI) a
Yes N (%)
Chi2 p-value
PR (95% CI) a
Yes N (%)
Chi2 p-value
PR (95% CI) a
Age
Less than 34
236
62.3%
1
167
44.1%
1
200
62.5%
1
From 35
141
63.8%
0.71
1.02 (0.83 - 1.26)
99
44.8%
0.86
1.01 (0.79-1.30)
111
60.7%
0.68
0.97 (0.77-1.22)
Education
Less than Bachelor
158
68.7%
1
127
55.2%
1
112
63.3%
1
More than Bachelor
218
59.1%
0.02
0.86 (0.70-1.05)
138
37.4%
<0.001
0.7 (0.53-0.86)
198
60.9%
0.61
0.96 (0.76-1.21)
Satisfaction with economical resources
Not much adeguate
224
71.8%
1
153
49.0%
1
162
64.8%
1
Very adeguate
150
52.6%
<0.001
0.73 (0.60-0.90)
113
39.6%
0.02
0.80 (0.63-1.03)
148
59.2%
0.20
0.91 (0.73-1.14)
Satisfaction with your home
Not much
172
74.4%
1
118
50.9%
1
128
65.5%
1
Very much
205
55.7%
<0.001
0.75 (0.61-0.92)
148
40.2%
0.01
0.79 (0.62-1.01)
183
59.5%
0.20
0.92 (0.73-1.17)
Partner supporting
No
78
77.2%
1
60
59.4%
1
52
66.7%
1
Yes
299
59.9%
0.001
0.77 (0.60-0.99)
206
41.3%
0.001
0.69 (0.52-0.93)
259
60.9%
0.34
0.91 (0.68-1.23)
Contacts with other people
No
239
63.0%
1
154
41.0%
1
197
62.1%
1
Yes
138
61.6%
0.63
0.96 (0.78-1.19)
112
50.0%
0.03
1.22 (0.96-1.56)
114
61.3%
0.85
0.98 (0.78-1.24)
Availability of free time
As before
71
65.7%
1
45
41.7%
1
55
63.2%
1
Less than before
102
65.4%
0.99 (0.73-1.34)
77
49.4%
1.18 (0.82-1.74)
86
69.9%
1.10 (0.79-1.55)
More than before
203
60.8%
0.49
0.92 (0.70-1.21)
143
42.8%
0.33
1.02 (0.73-1.44)
168
57.7%
0.06
0.91 (0.67-1.24)
Other children at home
No
250
61.6%
1
165
40.6%
1
217
59.6%
1
Yes
127
65.5%
0.35
1.06 (0.86-1.31)
101
52.1%
0.01
1.28 (1.00-1.64)
94
67.6%
0.10
1.13 (0.89-1.44)
Trimester of pregnancy
First
38
70.4%
1
16
29.6%
1
38
90.5%
1
Second
112
56.6%
0.80 (0.55-1.16)
76
38.4%
1.29 (0.75-2.22)
99
58.9%
0.64 (0.44-0.93)
Third
223
64.8%
0.07
0.92 (0.51-1.30)
172
50.0%
0.002
1.69 (1.01-2.81)
172
59.9%
<0.001
0.66 (0.47-0.94)
a Adjusted Prevalence Ratios calculated by Poisson regression with their 95% Confidence Intervals (CI)
Poisson analysis showed that women with partner support during pregnancy and satisfied with economic and house resources were less likely to report higher anxiety and depression scores (respectively − 23 %, -27 %, and − 25 %) compared to women without partner support and not satisfied with economic and house resources.
While for most women restrictions gave them the chance to eat more healthily, 20.2 % of women reported difficulties in healthy eating. In particular, women with partner support declared less difficulty in healthy eating (-31 %). Likewise, higher educational attainment was also associated with less difficulty in healthy eating (PR 0.70, 95 % CI 0.53–0.86).
Lastly, during lockdown there was a significant reduction in physical activity, but this data is transversal to all respondents and there are no significant differences between groups, except for the trimester of pregnancy: women in the second and third trimesters were less likely to have reduced levels of physical activity during lockdown (− 36 and − 34 %, respectively) in comparison to women in the first trimester.
Discussion
This study describes how pregnant women managed to cope with lockdown in Italy. We found a high score for anxiety and depression, although it cannot be compared to the same score on the same population before the pandemic. Our survey also suggests that lockdown made it more difficult for pregnant women to exercise for 150 min per week in accordance with the ACOG guidelines [14], and we can assume that a reduction in physical exercise will affect the quality of life of pregnant women, as demonstrated in previous studies [15]. On the other hand, it seems that staying at home facilitated the approach to healthy eating for the group with partner support and a higher socio-economic status. This results deserve further investigation and they could represent a starting point to develop new strategies for public health.
Most women hope for a labor and birth experience that enables them to use their physical and psychosocial capacities to labor and give birth to a healthy baby in a clinically, culturally, and psychologically safe environment with continuity of practical and emotional support from a birth companion, and with kind, sensitive clinical staff, who provide reassurance and technical competency. Among women who delivered during the pandemic, although three-fourths of the respondents declared to be afraid of giving birth during such a complex period, the overall experience was as expected or better than expected for 87 % of the respondents. Despite more than half of the new mothers reported a negative influence on baby management and more than one-third of them reported a negative influence on their breastfeeding experience, the breastfeeding rate is consistent or even higher than before the pandemic [16], suggesting a slight discrepancy between expectations/perceptions and actual facts, probably due to the anxiety and depression characteristics found in our sample. Exclusive breastfeeding rates in Italy ranged from 57 to 77 % at discharge and 36 to 48 % after 3 months [16], while 95 % of our sample declared to perform it at discharge and 90.6 % of them were still breastfeeding at the time of the survey. More than half of the new mothers received no support for breastfeeding after hospital discharge; however, almost all respondents continued to breastfeed their babies when discharged at home. It could be inferred that, in the impossibility to rely on external support, new mothers have empowered their internal resources with satisfying results.
The most accurate comparison we could make about the delivery and postpartum experience is with the Italian data of CeDAP published in 2016 by the Italian Ministry of Health. (http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_2881_allegato.pdf). The median age of women giving birth in Italy in 2016 was 33 years, consistent with our sample. Of women giving birth in 2016 in Italy, 27.8 % were graduated, while in our sample the women with a bachelor were 61.8 % in the pregnant group and 73.4 % of the new mothers. In the report of 2016, it results that 55.3 % of women giving birth was in-work, while in our sample 75.7 and 78.3 % were in-work. This must be considered as a bias, as discussed later on. In 2016, the partner accompanied the woman during labor in 92.2 % of cases, comparable to the rate of 92.4 % in our sample. Furthermore, the cesarean section rate in our sample was just 15.1 %, much lower than the 33.7 % in 2016. However, we cannot speculate if this difference is given by the pandemic or it is just a selection bias.
The high level of anxiety and depression we found is consistent with other studies [7, 8]. The prevalence in the first trimester is confirmed [8] while, differently from another study [7], in our survey this data was not correlated with age, primiparity, and living area. The correlation with economic difficulties and lower education is consistent with the literature [15], and some studies suggested that COVID-19 pandemic may even worsen social inequality [17].
Regarding the fact that a reduction of face-to-face visits could have occurred during the restrictions, a recent survey showed that patients are actually open to alternative models of prenatal care, including remote monitoring [18]. Future surveys could be done to determine if such changes would be judged positively. According to a Cochrane review [19], communicating the results of medical investigations by mobile phone messaging may make little or no difference to women’s anxiety overall or in women with positive test results, but may reduce anxiety in women with negative test results. We cannot exclude that this method will be more largely implemented in future times, after the COVID-19 emergency and the lessons it gave us about face-to-face contact.
The high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women and new mothers should be a public health issue, and screening for perinatal depression and anxiety should be considered during a pandemic. Under the circumstances of social distancing and isolation, psychological hotlines and online counseling would be a smart strategy to manage perinatal mental illness. The same strategy would be useful to help new mothers with baby management. Healthcare professionals should also ensure patients feel supported by continuing their routine prenatal care through tele-medicine visits [20]. Clinicians might also consider recommending and encouraging “home” physical exercise, especially in women in the first trimester, who might be most worried about the sudden change of their lives.
Isolation, increased stress, and sedentary lifestyle in pregnancy can also lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth, gestational diabetes, and low birth weight [21, 22]. This survey represents a baseline questionnaire for those women who gave consent to be contacted, and they will be followed up as a cohort to identify possible complications. In a further part of our project, we are going to describe in greater detail how lockdown may influence neonatal outcomes.
The first limitation of the present study is related to nonrandom sampling: women are enrolled by newspaper advertisements, social media, and with the snowball method; the completeness check process was not exhaustive. This enrollment method accounts for the possible bias represented by the high number of respondents from Northern Italy, as the research group was based in Northern Italy and the spreading of the link to the survey by social media would have been greater and faster where the research was conceptualized. Moreover, the enrollment by social media and dedicated newspapers implies the intrinsic limit that the most wealthy and educated segments of the population might be more easily reached by the invitation to answer the survey, as suggested by the high rate of respondents with at least a bachelor’s degree and reporting their income was highly sufficient to their needs. A second limitation is the lack of a validated questionnaire designed to capture such a delicate and unique moment. Third, depressive and anxiety symptoms were assessed using a short scale relying on self-reported measures and not providing a diagnosis. Finally, a potential bias may de that a propensity score analysis was not performed and we did not account for weighting of the items. Despite these limitations, this is the first study to assess some aspects of the lifestyle of pregnant women and new mothers during lockdown in Italy. Besides, the web-based method is a strength because it gave us the opportunity to interview a geographically dislocated population during a short time in the lockdown period.
Given the unicity of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, we tried to give an overview of the experience of Italian pregnant women and new mothers during lockdown. Next steps will be to incorporate those findings in political choices. The WHO Executive Board recognizes the need to include women in decision making for outbreak preparedness and response, however there is still inadequate women representation in national and global COVID-19 policy spaces [23]. It is also important that health professionals commit themselves to help pregnant women and new mothers to overcome these difficult times.
Conclusions
In conclusion, we found a high prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in pregnant women and new mothers, which should be a public health issue. Almost two-thirds of the respondents reported a reduction of physical activity during lockdown; therefore, clinicians might consider recommending and encouraging “home” physical exercise. On the other hand, about half of the sample improved their approach towards healthy eating and a very high breastfeeding rate was reported soon after birth: these data are an interesting starting point to develop new strategies for public health.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Prof Mirela Kalcina and Dr Elena Osella for proofreading.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
the consent to participate was required and the participation in the survey was voluntary and anonymous. Approval was obtained from the local Ethical Committee (Comitato Etico Interaziendale Novara CE 71/20), which conformed to the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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The perception of Italian pregnant women and new mothers about their psychological wellbeing, lifestyle, delivery, and neonatal management experience during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: a web-based survey
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