Introduction
Methods
Design
Participants
Content validity
Sample size and sampling techniques
Data collection instruments and procedures
Name of Sub-scales or Domains | Definition | Items in Original ROP-Scale | Items Retained in the Draft COVID-19 ROP-Scale |
---|---|---|---|
Friendliness | How a physician communicates with a patient | 1. Asking patient’s name 2. Engaging in social talks 3. Asking about patient’s family 4. Friendliness 5. Giving courage and reassurance 6. Sense of humour | 1. Engaging in social talks 2. Friendliness 3. Giving courage and reassurance 4. Sense of humour |
Respecting | How a physician explicitly shows respect to a patient | 1. Greetings by physician 2. Showing respect explicitly 3. Listening to patient’s complaints completely 4 Listening to patient’s complaints attentively 5. Examining the patient with care 6. Encouraging patient to ask questions 7. Listening attentively to patient’s questions 8. Closing salutation by physician 9. Non-verbal communication by physician 10. Compassionately touching the patient by physician | 1. Greetings by physician 2. Showing respect explicitly 3. Listening to patient’s complaints attentively 4. Examining the patient with care 5. Encouraging patient to ask questions |
Informing and guiding | How a physician empowers a patient | 1. Suggestions on disease prevention and health promotion in general 2. Facilitating follow-up 3. Quantity of issues explained and the quality of explanation 4. Quantity of issues explained 5. Asking patient if s/he understood the explanation 6. Explaining the cause of disease to the patient 7. Explaining the diagnosis of disease to the patient 8. Explaining the prognosis of disease to the patient 9. Explaining the treatment to the patient 10. Explaining the preventive aspects to the patient | 1. Facilitating follow-up 2. Explaining the cause of disease to the patient 3. Explaining the diagnosis of disease to the patient 4. Explaining the prognosis of disease to the patient 5. Explaining the treatment to the patient 6. Explaining the preventive aspects to the patient |
Gaining trust | How a physician may gain trust of the patients, or refrains from doing something that may breach trust of the patients | 1. Earning trust of patients 2. Service oriented, not business-like attitude 3. Not using jargon 4. Not being involved in illegal activities | 1. Service oriented, not business-like attitude 2. Not being involved in illegal activities |
Financial sensitivity | Understanding financial need of the patients and providing support if needed, going beyond the consultation | 1. Considering the socio-economic status of the patient 2. Trying to understand the socio-economic status of the patient 3. Informing the cost of treatment 4. Providing financial assistance if needed | 1. Trying to understand the socio-economic status of the patient 2. Informing the cost of treatment 3. Providing financial assistance if needed |
Data management and analysis
Results
Characteristics of sample
Background characteristics | ||
---|---|---|
Mean | Standard Deviation | |
Age (years) | 40.43 | 14.47 |
Family members (number) | 5.03 | 1.92 |
Monthly income (Bangladeshi Taka) | 20,828.64 (USD ~ 244) | 21,684.87 (USD ~ 254) |
Number of days in hospital | 9.24 | 4.73 |
Treatment expenditure (Bangladeshi Taka) | 22,941.78 (USD ~ 269) | 46,693.05 (USD ~ 548) |
Frequency | Percentage | |
Gender | ||
Male | 139 | 65.26 |
Female | 74 | 34.74 |
Education | ||
No education | 6 | 2.82 |
Primary complete | 13 | 6.10 |
Secondary complete (SSC and HSC) | 98 | 46.01 |
Graduate and above | 96 | 45.07 |
Religion | ||
Islam | 172 | 80.75 |
Hinduism | 40 | 18.78 |
Christianity | 1 | 0.47 |
Marital Status | ||
Currently Married | 181 | 84.98 |
Separated/ Deserted/ Divorced | 6 | 2.82 |
Never married | 26 | 12.21 |
Residence | ||
Urban | 148 | 69.48 |
Rural | 65 | 30.52 |
Occupation | ||
Farmer/agricultural worker | 5 | 2.35 |
Business/ informal worker | 20 | 9.39 |
Service holder/ government/ private formal job | 139 | 65.26 |
Housewife | 19 | 8.92 |
Day labourer | 1 | 0.47 |
Student | 8 | 3.76 |
Retired/ senior citizen | 15 | 7.04 |
Unemployed | 5 | 2.35 |
Others | 1 | 0.47 |
Housing type (Number of rooms) | ||
Below 3 | 110 | 51.64 |
3–4 | 59 | 27.70 |
5 or More | 44 | 20.66 |
Type of healthcare facility | ||
Public sector | 201 | 94.37 |
Private sector | 12 | 5.63 |
Severity of illness | ||
Mild | 119 | 55.87 |
Moderate | 72 | 33.80 |
Severe | 22 | 10.33 |
Content validity
Construct validity
Determining the number of factors to retain
Factor extraction and rotation
Items | Factor 1: Informativeness | Factor 2: Trustworthiness | Factor 3: Courteousness |
---|---|---|---|
Explaining the preventive aspects of COVID-19 to the patient | 0.48 | ||
Encouraging patients to ask questions | 0.60 | ||
Facilitating follow up | 0.66 | ||
Service-oriented, not business-like attitude | 0.70 | ||
Not being involved in illegal activities | 0.97 | ||
Greetings by physician | 0.54 | ||
Engaging in social talks | 0.87 |
Model | χ2 | df | P | RMSEA | CFI | TLI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Three-factor model: Informativeness, Trustworthiness and Courteousness | 12.803 | 11 | 0.306 | 0.028 | 0.997 | 0.994 |
Internal consistency
Items (names slightly modified from the original) | Corrected item-total correlation | Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for domains | Mean item score | Mean domains score |
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1: Informativeness | ||||
1. Explaining the preventive aspects of COVID-19 to the patient | 0.67 | 0.78 | 6.92 | 7.28 |
2. Encouraging patients to ask questions | 0.71 | 7.41 | ||
3. Facilitating follow up | 0.59 | 7.43 | ||
Factor 2: Trustworthiness | ||||
4. Service-oriented, not business-like attitude | 0.45 | 0.59 | 6.63 | 7.85 |
5. Not being involved in illegal activities | 0.67 | 7.97 | ||
Factor 3: Courteousness | ||||
6. Greetings by physician | 0.65 | 0.84 | 7.75 | 7.44 |
7. Engaging in social talks | 0.54 | 7.14 |