Background
Materials and methods
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Databases and search strategy
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Group 1 keywords: City, Urban, Municipal, Civil, Burgh
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Group 2 keywords: Adapt*, Cop*, Resil*, Accommodat*
Study selection
Quality appraisal and data extraction
Data extraction and analysis
Results
NO | Title | 1st Author (Year) | Country/ city | Type of study | Extracted subject | Study objective | Appraised Quality |
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1 | In pursuit of resilient, low carbon communities: An examination of barriers to action in three Canadian cities | Burch, S. (2010) [27] | Canada/the Lower Mainland of British Columbia:North Vancouver Vancouver Delta/ | Original | Definition of Adaptation to climate change | (1) Providing organizational and socio-cultural barriers by collecting perspectives from interdisciplinary texts; (2) Investigating the effective barriers to utilizing various capacities for achieving greenhouse gas reduction and resilience in the three studied communities; and (3) Understanding dynamic interactions and relative importance of these barriers at the local level. | Moderate |
2 | Windows of opportunity: Addressing climate uncertainty through adaptation plan implementation | Abunnasr Y et al. (2015) [28] | Lebanon/ Beirut | Review | Definition of Adaptation to climate change | An investigation of innovations in urban water systems. | Moderate |
3 | Understanding conceptual climate change meanings and preferences of multi-actor professional leadership in New York | Keenan JM et al. (2016) [29] | United States/New York/ | Survey | Definition of Adaptation / Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | The concept of climate change / Conceptual evaluation of climate change meanings among various professional leaders. | High |
4 | Developing adaptive capacity in times of climate change in central rural Vietnam: exploring smallholders' learning and governance | Le TH. (2017) [30] | Central rural Vietnam/Vietnam | Dissertation | Definition of Adaptation / Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Capacity building for climate adaptation. | High |
5 | Adaptation to Climate Change: From Resilience to Transformation | Mark Pelling. (2010) [31] | United Kingdom / London/ Routledge | Book | Definition of Adaptation | Comprehensive analysis of the social dimensions of climate change adaptation. | High |
6 | Biophysical metrics for detecting more sustainable urban forms at the global scale | Cochran and Brunsell. (2017) [32] | United States/ Kansas | Case study | Definition of a Climate-Adaptive City | The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of utilizing 1-km MODIS satellite data as a quick and straightforward means to evaluate urban sustainability worldwide, using any urban classification system. This data is easily accessible and provides a higher temporal resolution, requiring less processing time compared to remote sensing products with higher spatial resolution. | High |
7 | Extreme sea-level rise and adaptation options for coastal resort cities: A qualitative assessment from the Gold Coast, Australia | Cooper and Lemckert. (2012) [33] | Australia/Gold Coast/ | Original | Definition of Adaptation | A qualitative assessment of adaptation strategies for sea-level rise in coastal resort towns, based on lessons learned from coastal management practices, current observations, and discussions with local stakeholders | Moderate |
8 | Experiencing and responding to everyday weather in Darwin, Australia: The important role of tolerance. | Eliza de Vet. (2017) [34] | Australia/Darwin | Original | Definition of Adaptation | An investigation into the role of air in daily life in the hot and humid region of Darwin, with a focus on determining participants' enthusiasm for connecting with air regardless of challenging weather conditions and access to air conditioning devices. | Moderate |
9 | Urban Design and Planning in Adapting to Climate Change: Advances, Applications, and Challenges. | Dhar TK. (2016) [35] | Jamaica (Caribbean Small Island Developing State)/Long Bay, Negril | Thesis | Definition of Adaptation / Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | What climate risks do indigenous people and their assets face? How can indigenous communities adapt to these risks? What indicators exist to assess the current resilience of the constructed Negril region? What alternative (indigenous or expert-based) approaches can be considered for greater adaptation? | High |
10 | Urban flood impact assessment: A state-of-the-art review | Hammond MJ et al. (2015) [36] | United Kingdom | Review | Definition of Adaptation | The aim is to quantitatively assess the cost-effectiveness of resilience measures and integrated flood management plans for different scenarios, including urban development, socio-economic trends, and climate change, with the goal of enhancing their adaptability. | Moderate |
11 | Understanding the systemic nature of cities to improve health and climate change mitigation | Chapman, R et al. (2016) [37] | Australia/New Zealand/ | Case study | Definition of a Climate-Adaptive City | Describing the characteristics of urban systems and how key components interact with each other, and introducing a framework for identifying key elements in dynamic urban systems. | High |
12 | Building resiliency: A cross-sectional study examining relationships among health-related quality of life, well-being, and disaster preparedness | Gowan ME et al. (2014) [38] | Australia/New Zealand | Cross-sectional study | Definition of Adaptation | Assessing the characteristics of health-promoting behaviors that lead to changes in attitudes and protective health behaviors. | Moderate |
13 | Building up resilience in cities worldwide – Rotterdam as participant in the 100 Resilient Cities Programme | Spaans M and Waterhout B. (2016) [39] | Netherlands/Rotterdam | Viewpoint | Definition of a Climate-Adaptive City | Examining the strategies and frameworks for developing urban resilience in 100 resilient cities | Moderate |
14 | Combining analytical frameworks to assess livelihood vulnerability to climate change and analyse adaptation options | Reed MS et al. (2013) [40] | United Kingdom | Analytical research | Definition of a Climate-Adaptive City | Integrating theories of sustainable livelihoods with other analytical frameworks (such as ecosystem services, diffusion theory, social learning, adaptive management, and transition management) to assess the vulnerability of rural livelihoods to climate change | Moderate |
15 | Hurricane Sandy and adaptation pathways in New York: Lessons from a first-responder city. | Rosenzweig C and Solecki W. (2014) [41] | United states/New York | Case study | Definition of Resilience | This study examines how organizations in a city integrate with unified municipal adaptation strategies and evaluates the compatibility of the strategies with the impacts of Hurricane Sandy, which occurred in October 2012 in New York City, as a case study. | Moderate |
16 | Civil society organizations and adaptation to the health effects of climate change in Canada. | Poutiainen C et al. (2013) [42] | Canada | Systematic review | Definition of Adaptation | Identification and examination of compatibilities by civil society organizations for adapting to the health effects of climate change based on a systematic review of 190 organizational activities and 1,196 adaptation action reports." | High |
17 | Climate change adaptation policies and plans: A survey in 11 South East European countries. | Pietrapertosa F et al. (2018) [43] | Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Serbia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine | Survey | Definition of Adaptation | The initiatives for adaptation in 11 South European countries participating in the SEE OrientGate project are summarized, referring to the EU-supported policies and actions and their implementation at the national level. | High |
18 | Briefing: Adapting to a changing climate | Henderson K. (2009) [44] | United Kingdom/ London | Original | Definition of Adaptation | A case study on climate change adaptation, focusing on examples of best practices in local authorities in Europe, the EU-funded project for green and blue space adaptation in urban and eco-district areas. | High |
19 | Impacts of climate change on the municipal water management system in the Kingdom of Bahrain: Vulnerability assessment and adaptation options. | Al-Zubari WK et al. (2018) [45] | Bahrain | Original | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation options. | High |
20 | Energy Efficiency and Global Warming Potential in the Residential Sector: Comparative Evaluation of Canada and Saudi Arabia. | AlHashmi M et al. (2017) [46] | Canada and Saudi Arabia | Technical Papers | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Comparison of energy efficiency and global warming assessment in the residential sector of Canada and Saudi Arabia. | High |
21 | Sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems index for Southeast European cities. | Kilkis S. (2016) [47] | Europe/European Cities | Original | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Developing a sustainability index for energy, water, and environmental systems. | Moderate |
22 | Decarbonization action plans using hybrid modeling for a low-carbon society: The case of Bangkok Metropolitan Area | Ali G. (2017) [48] | Thailand/Bangkok/ | Original | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Proposing carbon reduction action plans for the Greater Bangkok area. | High |
23 | Risk-Based Performance Assessment of Stormwater Drainage Networks under Climate Change: A Case Study in the City of Kingston | Nanos M. G and Filion Y. (2016) [49] | Jamaica/Kingston/ | Case study | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Evaluation of stormwater drainage networks under the influence of climate change | Moderate |
24 | Participative future scenarios for integrated coastal zone management | Carrero R et al. (2013) [50] | Ayamonte, South Western Spain/Spain/ | Original | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Identifying collaborative future scenarios for coastal zone management | Moderate |
25 | Urban design principles for flood resilience: Learning from the ecological wisdom of living with floods in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta | Liao KH et al. (2016) [51] | China/Hong Kong | Original | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Flood resilience. | Moderate |
26 | Adaptability of Design of Residential Houses in Tabriz and Baku with the Native Culture and Climate | Abdolhoseyni J. (2011) [52] | Iran /Tabriz | Descriptive | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Determining the transformation of urban residential building structures influenced by local culture and climate. | Moderate |
27 | Disaster Resilience of Critical Water Infrastructure Systems. | Matthews J C. (2015) [53] | United States | Technical Notes | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Assessing disaster resilience of critical water infrastructure systems. | High |
28 | Mainstreaming urban climate resilience into policy and planning; reflections from Asia. | Friend R et al. (2014) [54] | Thailand/ Bangkok | Original | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Exploring gaps in the main process of climate resilience in Vietnam, Thailand, and Indonesia. | Moderate |
29 | Developing an integrated water management strategy to overcome conflicts between urban growth, water infrastructure and environmental quality: A case study from Ashford, Kent. | Furey SG and Lutyens BC. (2008) [55] | UK/Ashford, Kent | Case study | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Developing a comprehensive water management strategy to overcome conflicts between urban growth, water infrastructure, and environmental quality. | Moderate |
30 | Carbon emission allocation standards in China: A case study of Shanghai city | Gao G et al. (2015) [56] | China/Shanghai | Case study | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Developing carbon allocation emission standards | High |
31 | Sub-region (district) and sector level SO2 and NOx emissions for India: assessment of inventories and mitigation flexibility | Garg A et al. (2001) [57] | India | Original | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Providing a scenario for the emissions of total SO2 and NOx in India, including the trends of their emissions and sectoral shares, following emission estimations for each of the 466 regions of India (Indian Census, 1992) for the years 1990 and 1995, to identify the largest regions and sectors that can be targeted for emissions reduction. | Moderate |
32 | Decentralizing urban disaster risk management in a centralized system? Agendas, actors and contentions in Vietnam | Garschagen M. (2016) [58] | Germany | Original | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Urban decentralization and risk management. | Moderate |
33 | Coping with storm surges on the Icelandic south coast: A case study of the Stokkseyri village | Geirsdóttir GE et al. (2014) [59] | Iceland/Stokkseyri/ | Case study | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Exploring the residents' perspectives in Stourbridge regarding flood events and qualitatively assessing their interpretation of community vulnerability, resilience, and adaptability to such events, and the resulting socio-economic impacts. | Moderate |
34 | An integrative regional resilience framework for the changing urban water paradigm | Gonzales P, and Ajami NK. (2017) [60] | United States/San Francisco Bay/ | Case study | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Presenting a bottom-up resilience framework based on social and organizational contexts for assessing various water resource strategies. | High |
35 | Preferences for sustainable, liveable and resilient neighbourhoods and homes: A case of Canberra, Australia. Sustainable cities and society. | Tapsuwan S et al. (2018) [61] | Australian/Canberra/ | Original | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Preparing a list of features for sustainable and resilient homes and evaluating people's priorities for these sustainability and resilience features. | High |
36 | Increases in the climate change adaption effectiveness and availability of vegetation across a coastal to desert climate gradient in metropolitan Los Angeles, CA, USA | Tayyebi A. and Jenerette GD. (2016) [62] | United States/ California | Original | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Access to green space for effective urban adaptation, identifying diversity in the mutual relationships between green space coverage (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), socio-economic status (neighborhood income), altitude, and land surface temperature (LST). | High |
37 | Anticipatory governance: A tool for climate change adaptation. Journal of the American Planning Association. | Quay R. (2010) [63] | United states/ Denver Water, New York City, and the City of Phoenix/ | Review and Case study | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | Establishing the necessary foundations for effective climate change planning. | Moderate |
38 | Women's health Australia: What do we know? What do we need to know? Progress on the Australian longitudinal study of women's health 1995–2000. | Lee C. (2001) [64] | Australia | Book | Characteristics of a Climate-Adaptive City | The main objective of the project is to gain an understanding of the relationships between social roles, life events, and women's health, with the aim of establishing a foundation for enhancing health policies and services. | Moderate |
Descriptive analysis
Thematic analysis
Category | Sub- Category | Code |
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Definition of Climate Adaptation and Climate-Adaptive Cities | Climate Adaptation and Resilience | • Adaptation capacity refers to the ability of stakeholders to organize themselves, develop knowledge, strengthen leadership, and make decentralized decisions [22]. • Adaptation capacity refers to the ability of individuals or groups to respond and adjust to environmental changes [22]. • Adaptation capacity refers to the ability of systems to adjust to climate change, such as coping with extreme weather conditions [22]. • Adaptation is a process through which stakeholders can reflect and respond to the impacts of changes in their operations, modify underlying infrastructure that creates risk, adjust their capacity to tolerate risks, and undertake other measures to adapt to climate change [23]. • Adaptation is the alignment between future climate change scenarios and strategies and plans for changing current practices [24]. • Adaptation is the capacity that a community demonstrates sustainably in response to environmental changes [25]. • Climate adaptation is the adjustment of natural or human systems to actual or potential climatic stimuli or their effects in order to moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities [26]. • Regarding flood resilience in urban environments, resilience can be defined as the capacity of a system, community, or society that is exposed to a hazard to resist, absorb, adapt, and recover from its effects in order to achieve an acceptable level of functioning and structure. In other words, resilience is equivalent to resistance, recovery, reflection, and response, which take into account the need to learn from the past [43]. • Resilience is the capacity of economic and social systems to sustain change and adapt within a critical life threshold [65]. • Adaptation is a practical response to public health, which is necessary to prevent, reduce, and manage climate change-related risks [33]. • Adaptation is a complex, place-based issue with multiple dimensions that is heavily dependent on climate, environmental, social, and political conditions [34]. • Adaptation means learning to live with more severe weather events and changing climate patterns, and preparing for other unavoidable changes [36]. • Climate adaptation is the "ability or potential of a system to successfully respond to climate vulnerability and change" [30]. • Climate adaptation refers to an action taken to prevent or reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts [44]. • Climate adaptation is the ability to respond to environmental changes, meaning maintaining the essential and minimum functioning of society against external stimuli [42]. • Climate resilience is a capacity of a system to dynamically adapt through risk reduction management against disasters [35]. |
Climate-Adaptive Cities | • A climate-adaptive city is a city that can sustainably withstand the urban heat island effect [28]. • A climate-adaptive city is a city that applies change and mitigation solutions in a timely manner, before changes become unmanageable, and has learned from non-adaptive approaches taken by other cities [37]. • Urban resilience refers to the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems within a city to survive, adapt, and grow regardless of the type of chronic stresses and acute shocks experienced [39]. • A climate-adaptive city/society is one that has adapted from the bottom up, resulting in reduced social vulnerability [32]. | |
Characteristics of Climate-Adapted Cities | Stakeholder Participation | • The importance of stakeholder engagement in achieving proper water resource management [66]. • Public participation/civic engagement [67]. • The effective role of social coordination in resilience [68]. |
Effective Resource Management | • Effective resource management [66]. • Developing sustainable strategies by estimating and assessing each household's contribution to global warming based on different lifestyles and climatic conditions in different parts of the world [66]. • Reducing energy consumption to control greenhouse gas emissions [66]. • Greater attention to cost-effectiveness in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases such as SO2 and NOx [59]. • Effective energy management and utilization through the design of wind catchers, chimneys, special summer spaces with domed or elevated ceilings, courtyards, cellars, basements, underground water reservoirs, and natural refrigerators [50]. • Using new strategies for water and wastewater systems and flood control to enhance their resilience to climate change [45]. • Effective use of limited resources [22]. • Sustainability, resource management, and proper resource utilization [54]. • Resource management for achieving adaptation [54]. • Lifestyle changes and proper resource utilization [22]. • Capacity building and effective adaptation methods utilization [22]. • The effective role of better economic conditions in resilience of communities [68]. • Low-carbon technology and the provision of new sources of energy [69]. • Sustainable centralized water management to overcome challenges related to urban development, water infrastructure, and environmental quality [47]. • The impact of access to vegetation cover on effective adaptation [70]. | |
Foresight in Planning | • Foresight in planning [71]. • Developing scenario-based water adaptation planning [45]. • Reducing the use of fossil fuels and utilizing renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, nuclear, and bioenergy, to reduce carbon footprint [57]. • Foresight and future planning to achieve adaptation by predicting future changes and developments [57]. • The necessity of adaptation and the development of executive criteria for assessing the flexibility and vulnerability of urban drainage systems, with predictions and modeling of practical measures for severe weather periods, in order to evaluate how a future storm will behave [63]. • Foresight for achieving adaptation [63]. • Considering the economic dimensions in climate change policy planning, identifying stakeholders and their participation, and looking to the future [52]. • Foresight, efficiency, and proper resource utilization as key factors in achieving a resilient city [52]. • A future-oriented and collectively compatible response to the situation [42]. • Attention to past flood experiences, household preparedness, resilient infrastructure design, and local capacity building [62]. | |
Education | • Education on adaptation methods at all levels [22]. • Expanding adaptation capacities [22]. • Utilizing the capacities of social media to increase adaptation capacity [22]. • Increasing the learning of local farmers to enhance their resilience to climate change [22]. • Learning management and adaptation strategies to cope with the effects of climate change [22]. • Community awareness of the conditions in which they live [68]. | |
Utilizing Knowledge | • Knowing and being able to recognize weather and sea change signs to prepare for responding to risks [68]. • Utilizing indigenous knowledge and community-based approaches, leveraging interdisciplinary knowledge and governmental cooperation, and integrating physical and socio-ecological characteristics to achieve successful adaptation [26]. • Utilizing knowledge, including indigenous knowledge and interdisciplinary research [26]. | |
Innovation in Governance and Industry | • The important role of governance in enhancing resilience [22]. • Innovation [69]. • Low-carbon development policies through industrial structure and innovation in governance [69]. • Incentive mechanisms for using low-carbon technologies [69]. • Increasing local water resource resilience through a bottom-up approach to decision-making [55]. • Low-energy consumption through sustainable house design [56]. • Attention to energy and carbon dioxide emissions, transportation system, waste management, water, socio-economic capacity, and intersectoral sustainability for achieving sustainable development in cities [54]. • Attention to resilience and capacity-building aspects [62]. | |
Decentralized Climate Change Management | • Increasing the capacity of local government to assist in the adaptation of the people, especially farmers, to environmental changes [22]. • Decentralized urban risk management [72]. • Distributed urban risk management [46]. • Adaptation to climate change requires decentralized planning based on local risk assessment [72]. • Increasing local water resource resilience through a bottom-up approach to decision-making [72]. | |
Low-Carbon Economy | • Low-carbon economy as one of the prominent characteristics of resilient cities [49]. • Creating green jobs [49]. • Transforming existing jobs into green jobs [49]. • Ability to continue working in more resource-efficient conditions [49]. • Attention to low-carbon economy [29]. |