Introduction
Methods
Design and sample
Questionnaire desining
Creating the questionnaire
Contextual item generation based on literature review
Contextual item generation based on qualitative phase
Assessing the psychometric properties of the questionnaire
Face validity assessment
Content validity assessment
Construct validity
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
Reliability assessment
Questionnaire description: scaling and scoring
Result
Demographic results of participants
Variable | Number (percentage) | Variable | Number (percentage) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Man | 45 (18) | Work Experience | Less than 5 years | 79 (31.6) |
Female | 205 (82) | 6 to 10 years | 65 (26) | ||
Age | 20–30 | 77 (8.30) | 11 to 15 years | 36 (14.4) | |
31–40 | 103 (41.2) | 16 to 20 years | 40 (16) | ||
41–50 | 62 (24.8) | 21 to 25 years | 14 (5.6) | ||
51–60 | 7 (2.8) | 26 to 30 years | 15 (6) | ||
Above 60 years | 1 (0.4) | More than 30 years | 1 (0.4) | ||
Education level | Diploma | 13 (5.2) | Educational Major | Health care | 20(8) |
Associate Degree | 42 (16.8) | Family health | 16 (6.4) | ||
Bachelor’s degree | 173 (69.2) | Health Education | 77.8) | ||
MSc | 22 (8.8) | Midwife | 90 (36) | ||
Job | Community Health workers | 25 (10) | Nursing | 2 (0.8) | |
Family health | 11 (4.4) | Occupational health | 1(0.4) | ||
Health care | 126 (50.4) | Old health | 2 (0.8.) | ||
Health Education | 5 (2) | Public health | 112(44.8) | ||
Midwife | 46 (18.4) | Total : 250 HCWs | |||
Public health expert | 37 (14.8) |
Assessment of psychometric properties of KAPIM
Item generation
Validity
Content validity
Face validity
Construct validity
Items | Factor 1 | Factor2 | Factor3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Factor Knowledge | Rumor is a report of an uncertain or suspicious truth circulating | 0.416 | ||
Knowing the principles of risk communication is part of managing an infodemic. | 0.546 | |||
Uncertainty about information is the basis for creating rumors | 0.498 | |||
An infodemic is the spread of both accurate and inaccurate information on a wide scale. | 0.425 | |||
Managing infodemics is an integral part of managing an epidemic. | 0.420 | |||
Social listening is a step towards identifying accurate sources of information. | 0.416 | |||
Inoculation of health information is part of infodemic management. | 0.585 | |||
Social listening to the concerns and anxieties of a community is the first step in infodemic management. | 0.551 | |||
Infodemic management includes four stages: listening to concerns, enhancing risk perception, resilience to false information, and community interaction and empowerment. | 0.568 | |||
Rumors thrive in situations where people are eager for news and cannot receive it from a reliable source. | 0.536 | |||
Access to credible information sources helps in managing rumors. | 0.484 | |||
A vigilant messaging team helps identify rumors in a timely manner. | 0.595 | |||
Creating a system to detect and monitor messages will help identify rumors early. | 0.534 | |||
Sorting and prioritizing rumors in the message identification phase is necessary for infodemic management. | 0.564 | |||
Social participation in identifying rumors is helpful. | 0.581 | |||
Responding to rumors requires the use of various information sources (experts, community members, mass and social media). | 0.632 | |||
Universal education in credible media is necessary for correcting rumors. | 0.666 | |||
Attention to community values and traditions is essential in responding to rumors. | 0.606 | |||
Public and widespread access to information and educational materials must be provided for rumor management. | 0.554 | |||
Managing anxiety, fear, shock, anger, and disbelief is important in responding to rumors. | 0.558 | |||
Providing honest and transparent information is essential in responding to rumors. | 0.592 | |||
Forming a rapid content production team is necessary for responding to rumors. | 0.540 | |||
The speed of the rumor monitoring team is essential. | 0.482 | |||
Knowing the principles of risk communication helps in managing rumors. | 0.758 | |||
Factor-2 Attitude | Rumor management is divided into two active and passive categories, in both cases, it should be dealt with knowledge and experience. | 0.708 | ||
Providing accurate information from credible sources helps in managing rumors. | 0.862 | |||
Increasing public trust in accurate sources of information prevents rumors from spreading. | 0.844 | |||
Media literacy in the field of health helps in managing infodemics. | 0.785 | |||
Updating information and evidence helps in managing rumors. | 0.836 | |||
Familiarity with the culture, beliefs, and concerns of people helps in managing rumors. | 0.826 | |||
Using social listening techniques can help in managing rumors in the field of health. | 0.752 | |||
If I receive information about health and disease, I share it with those around me. | 0.510 | |||
Factor-3 Practice | If I receive information about health, I ask the relevant expert about its accuracy. | 0.670 | ||
If I receive information about health, I check its validity in credible scientific sources (websites, reference books, articles, etc.). | 0.626 | |||
If I am confident that the information about health is incorrect, I inform the last sender. | 0.722 | |||
If I am confident that the information about health is incorrect, I share the correct information. | 0.711 | |||
In field monitoring, I listen to the information, beliefs, and concerns of people. | 0.684 | |||
I am flexible about incorrect information, beliefs, and concerns of people. | 0.626 | |||
I record and take notes of false messages, rumors, and incorrect beliefs in the field of health. | 0.819 | |||
I document my learned lessons and social experiences in dealing with incorrect information and rumors. | 0.807 |
Reliability
Domeinn | Items | Cronbach’s alpha (N = 250) | ICC(N = 15) | The total eigenvalue | Percentage of variance | Cumulative variance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Knowledge | 24 | 0.884 | 0.887 | 9.62 | 24.06 | 24.06 |
Attitude | 8 | 0.936 | 0.936 | 4.99 | 12.48 | 36.545 |
Practice | 8 | 0.875 | 0.875 | 2.92 | 7.31 | 43.858 |
Total | 40 | 0.905 | 0.827 |