Background
Materials and methods
Data sources
Selection of studies
Data extraction
Quality assessment
Reference /ítem | Appropriate sample frame | The appropriate way for the sample | Appropriate sample size | Study subjects | Data analysis coverage | Valid methods to assess the condition | A standard and reliable way to measure the condition | Appropriate statistical analysis | Response rate and its management |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lazzer, S. et al., 2009 | U | U | U | U | U | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Riddiford-Harland, DL. et al., 2006 | No | U | U | No | U | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
He, H. et al., 2019 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Ervin, RB. et al., 2014 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Karppanen, AK. et a,l 2012 | Yes | U | U | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | U |
Nunez-Gaunaurd, N. et al., 2013 | Yes | U | U | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Deforche, B. et al., 2003 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Tokmakidis, S. et al., 2006 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Sachetti, R. et al., 2012 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Castro-Piñero, J. et al., 2012 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Ceschia, A. et al., 2015 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Data analysis
Results
Reference | Country | Sample size Groups n=(%) | Sex M: F n=(%) | Age years (range) and *mean±SD according to sex | Parameters evaluated |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lazzer S.et al., 2009 | Italy | 55 OB= 25 Non-OB=30 | M:30(54.54) F:25(45.45) OB: M:12(21.8) F:13(23.6) Non-OB: M:18(32.7) F:12(21.9) | (8-12) OB = M: 9.7+0.5* F: 10.3+0.4* Non-OB = M:10.8+0.2* F:10.4+0.4* | Strength, Power (Maximal explosive power) |
Riddiford-Harland, DL.et al., 2006 | Australia | 86 OB= 43 Non-OB=43 | M:50(58.1) F: 36(41.9) OB= M: 25 (29.1) F: 18(20.9) Non-OB: M: 25 (29.1)F: 18(20.9) ND*** | OB: 8.4+0.5* Non-OB: 8.4+0.5* | Upper limb strength and lower limb strength and power |
He, H.et al., 2019 | China | 2283 OW/OB=7.05% NW=82.29% UW=12.66% | M:1032 (45.2) F:1251 (54.8) OW/OB: M:(9.98) F:(4.64) NW: M (75.78) F:(84.01) UW: M(14.24) F:(11.35) | (7-18) | Strength, power, flexibility |
Ervin, RB.et al, 2014 | United States | 1224 OB: 250, 19.0% OW: 214 (18.2%) UW/NW:760 (62.7%) | M: 607 (49.6) F: 617 (50.4) OB: M:105 (15.1) F:145 (22.8) OW: M: 118 (20.2) F:96 (16.3) UW/NW: M: 394 (60.8) F: 366 (60.8) | (6-15) | Upper and lower limb strength |
Karppanen, AK.et al., 2012 | Finland | 119 M: 66 (55.46) OW: 30 (25.21) NW: 36 (30.25) F: 53 (44.53) OW: 24 (20.16) NW=29 (24.36) | M: 66 (55.5) F: 53 (44.5) | 8 OW= M: 8.0 (0.4) F: 7.9 (0.4) NW= M: 8.0 (0.5) F: 8.1 (0.4) | Strength, power, velocity, coordination, balance, flexibility, agility, cardiovascular capacity, physical activity level (PAQ-C) |
Nunez-Gaunaurd, N.et al, 2013 | United States | 86 OB: 19= 22.09% OW: 20= 23.26% HW: 48= 55.81% | M: 47 (54.6) F: 39 (45.3) OB= M: 10(11.6)F: 9(10.5) OW= M: 13(15.1) F: 7(8.1) HW= M: 24(27.9) F: 23(26.7) | OB: 10-14 11.9 (1.10) OW: 11-14 12.4 (0.093) HW: 11-15 12.3 (0.95) | Strength, gross and fine motor efficiency, cardiovascular capacity, MAP, physical activity level |
Deforche, B.et al., 2003 | Belgium | 3206 OB= M: 122 F: 108 Non-OB= M: 1524 F: 1452 | M: 1646 (51.34) F: 1560 (48.65) | (12-18) | Strength, power, physical activity level, balance, cardiovascular capacity, coordination flexibility, agility, velocity |
Tokmakidis, S.et al., 2006 | Greece | 709 OB:105 (14.8%) OW:183 (25.8%) NW:421 (59.4%) | M: 381 (53.7) F: 328 (46.3) | (8-11) OB= M: 8.9+1.4* F: 8.6+1.5* OW= M: 9.1+1.6* F: 9.3+1.5* NW= M: 8.9+1.7* F: 8.8+1.6* | Strength, power, balance, cardiovascular capacity, coordination, flexibility, agility, velocity, endurance, speed |
Sachetti, R.et al., 2012 | Italy | 497 OB: (9.7%) OW: (24.3%) NW: (64.4%) 489 n= OB: 48 OW: 121 NW: 310 | M:256 (51.5) F:241 (48.5) OB= M: 23 (9.0) F: 25 (10.4) OW= M: 65 (25.4) F: 56 (23.2) | (8-9) M: OB:23 OW:65 NW:155 F: OB:25 OW:56 NW:155 **EV: 8 | Power, flexibility, coordination, agility, cardiovascular capacity, proprioception |
Castro-Piñero, J.et al., 2019 | Spain | 2778 OB:194 (7.0) OW:667 (24.0) NW:1750 (63.0) | M:1513 (54.4) F:1265 (45.5) | (6-17.9) | Power, strength |
Ceschia, A.et al., 2015 | Italy | 2408 OB: 166 OW: 441 NW: 1586 | M: 1265 (52.5) F: 1146 (47.5) OB= M: (9.0) F: (7.4) OW= M:(19.3) F: (19.4) NW= M: (62.1) F: (64.2) | (7-11) | Strength, power, agility, velocity, cardiovascular capacity, flexibility, static balance |
Muscle strength
Reference | Assessment test | Muscle group assessed | Muscle strength result | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lazzer S.et al., 2009 | Absolute peak force in both legs Explosive-Ergometer (EXER,University of Udine, Udine, Italy) (N) | Lower limbs | Boys: OB: 975.8± 20.6* Non obese: 867.4± 21.3* | Girls: OB: 927.8± 21.8* Non obese: 689.5± 25.1* |
Riddiford-Harland L.et al., 2006 | Rising from a chair (s) (only 13 participants from each group completed the test) | Lower limbs | OB: 3.8±1.8* Leaners counterparts: 1.5 ±0.2* | |
Pull strenght (kg)† | Upper limbs | OB: 9.28 Non-obese: 8.71 OB: 9.6 ± 3.0 Non-OB: 8.8 ± 2.3 | ||
Push strenght (kg)† | Upper limbs | OB: 9.51 Non-obese: 8.71 OB: 9.3 ± 2.3 Non-OB: 8.8 ± 2.2 | ||
He H.et al., 2019 | Hand grip strength (kg) | Upper limbs | Boys: OW/OB: 24.06 NW: 22.85 UW: 18.11 | Girls: OW/OB:18.88 NW: 16.79 UW: 14.39 |
Ervin RB.et al., 2014 | Planks (s) | Abdominal and trunk | Boys: OB: 43.9 OW: 69.6 NW: 83.0 | Girls: OB: 37.8 OW: 59.6 NW: 76.3 |
Modified pull-ups in 3 categories according to the number of repetitions achieved (%) | Upper limbs | Boys: Zero OB: 37.7 OW: 14.5 NW: 6.2 1-4 OB: 35.2 OW: 37.8 NW: 29.7 Five or more OB: 27.1 OW: 47.7 NW: 64.1 | Girls: Zero OB: 74.1 OW: 30.4 NW: 16.4 1-4 OB: 21.7 OW: 38.7 NW: 35.7 Five or more OB: 4.2 OW: 30.9 NW: 47.9 | |
Maximum right knee extension test (lb) | Boys: OB: 70.2 (31.8 kg) OW: 69.5 (31.5 kg) NW: 54.2 (24.6 kg) | Girls: OB: 70.6 (32.0 kg) OW: 62.5 (28.4 kg) NW: 52.8 (23.9 kg) | ||
Combined hand grip strength (lb) | Boys: OB: 109.6 (49.7 kg) OW: 106.6 (48.3 kg) NW: 93.7 (42.5 kg) | Girls: OB: 98.4 (44.7 kg) OW: 94.6 (42.9 kg) NW: 81.4 (36.9 kg) | ||
Karppanen AK.et al., 2012 | Bent-arm hang (s) | Boys: OW: 1.8±2.5* NW: 13.6±11.3* | Girls: OW: 1.2±1.2* NW: 10.3±8.4* | |
Sit-ups (repetitions in 30 s) | Abdominal and trunk | Boys: OW: 6.8±5.9* NW : 11.4± 5.6* | Girls: OW: 5.6±4.8* NW: 10.6 ± 5.3* | |
Nunez-Gaunaurd N.et al., 2013 | Abdominal curls (repetitions in 30 s) | Abdominal and trunk | OB: 5.4 ± 4.2* OW: 9.3± 5.26* HW: 9.7 ± 2.96* | |
Timed Sit-to-Stand test (steps in 1 min) | Lower limbs | OB: 23.1 ± 4.6* OW: 26.5 ± 5.1* HW: 27.25 ± 6.9* | ||
Push-ups (repetitions in 30 s) | Upper limbs | OB: 8.8 ± 6.83* OW: 11.2 ± 6.71* HW: 10.86 ± 6.56* | ||
Timed Up and Down Stairs Test (steps/s) | Lower limbs | OB: 1.8 ± 0.52 OW: 2.09 ± 0.59 HW: 2.02 ± 0.52 | ||
Deforche B.et al., 2003 | Hand grip strength (kg) | Upper limbs | Boys: 12-13 years OB:31.0 ±7.5* Non-OB: 27.2± 7.0* 14-15 years OB: 41.7± 9.0* Non-OB: 37.4 ± 9.2* 16-18 years OB: 51.1 ± 8.1* Non-OB: 47.3 ±8.7* | Girls: 12-13 years OB: 26.8 ± 5.0* Non-OB:24.3 ± 5.5* 14-15 years OB: 31.5 ± 5.7* Non-OB: 29.1 ±5.4* 16-18 years OB: 33.3 ± 6.1* Non-OB: 31.1 ± 5.8* |
Bent-arm hang (s) | Upper limbs | Boys: 12-13 years OB: 2.2 ± 2.8* Non-OB: 17.6 ± 12.4* 14-15 years OB: 5.3 ± 5.2* Non-OB: 24.5 ± 14.3* 16-18 years OB: 6.1 ± 6.7* Non-OB: 32.7 ± 15.5* | Girls: 12-13 years OB: 1.0 ± 1.0* Non-OB: 10.0 ± 9.4* 14-15 years OB 1.1 ± 1.5* Non-OB: 10.8 ± 10.2* 16-18 years OB: 1.1 ± 1.1* Non-OB: 10.6 ± 10.7* | |
Sit-ups (repetitions) | Abdominal and trunk | Boys: 12-13 years OB: 19.5 ±3.2* Non-OB: 24.1 ± 4.1* 14-15 years OB: 20.6±3.5* Non-OB: 24.9± 3.7* 16-18 years OB: 21.8±3.8* Non-OB: 25.8± 3.6* | Girls: 12-13 years OB: 15.4 ± 5.2* Non-OB: 20.5 ±3.9* 14-15 years OB: 17.8 ± 4.0* Non-OB: 20.8 ± 4.3* 16-18 years OB: 17.5 ± 4.4* Non-OB: 21.3 ± 4.0* | |
Tokmakidis S.et al., 2006 | Sit-ups (repetitions in 30 s) | Abdominal and trunk | Boys: OB: 14.6 OW: 17.7 NW: 19.0 | Girls: OB: 11.6 OW: 15.7 NW: 17.5 |
Castro-Piñero J.et al.2009 | Curl-ups (repetitions in 60 s) † | Abdominal and trunk | Boys: OB: 29.48 OW: 33.48 NW: 33.32 UW: 34.24 | Girls: OB: 26.24 OW: 30.47 NW: 31.33 UW: 31.27 |
Sit-ups (repetitions in 30 s) † | Abdominal and trunk | Boys: OB: 17.57 OW: 20.53 NW: 21.31 UW: 21.25 | Girls: OB: 16.51 OW: 18.43 NW: 19.28 UW: 19.18 | |
Bent arm hang (seconds) † | Upper limbs | Boys:OB: 3.06 OW: 5.90 NW: 12.9 UW: 17.04 | Girls: OB: 1.00 OW: 1.74 NW: 5.24 UW: 5.35 | |
Push-ups (repetitions) † | Upper limbs | Boys: OB: 5.75 OW: 9.93 NW: 14.72 UW: 13.53 | Girls: OB: 5.72 OW: 6.70 NW: 8.57 UW: 8.50 | |
Pull-ups (were not described according to BMI) | ||||
Ceschia A.et al., 2015 | Hand grip strength (N) | Upper limbs | Clase of age I: OB: 118.0 ± 22.0* OW: 113.3 ± 25.5* NW: 110.1 ± 21.3* UW: 104.8 ± 22.5* Clase of age II: OB: 147.6 ± 31.4* OW: 142.6 ± 36.3* NW: 127.5 ± 24.9* UW: 118.7 ± 18.7* | Clase of age III: OB: 175.3 ± 37.2* OW: 154.4 ± 31.3* NW: 147.6 ± 34.8* UW: 139.0 ± 28.8* Clase of age IV: OB: 215.6 ± 38.8* OW: 190.6 ± 37.8* NW: 172.4 ± 38.5* UW: 146.6 ± 29.1* Clase of age V: OB: 229.2 ± 51.3* OW: 214.0 ± 51.6* NW: 198.6 ± 37.6* UW: 172.4 ± 35.0* |
Muscle power
Reference | Assessment test | Muscle group assessed | Muscle power result | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lazzer S.et al., 2009 | Mechanical power peak (W) | Lower limbs | Boys: OB: 1281.5 ±95.9* Non-OB: 1076.2 ±81.2* | Girls: OB: 986.8±80.9* Non-OB: 754.8 ±78.1* |
Riddiford-Harland L.et al., 2006 | Basketball throw(m)† | Upper limbs | OB: 3.39 Non-OB: 3.12 | |
Vertical jump (cm)† | Lower limbs | OB: 22.22 Non-OB: 27.77 | ||
Standing long jump (cm)† | Lower limbs | OB: 90.32 Non-OB: 101.27 | ||
He H, et al., 2019 | Vertical jump (evaluated by the squat jump test) (cm) | Lower limbs | Boys (mean): OW & OB :19.93 NW: 23.27 UW: 22.46 | Girls (mean): OW & OB: 17.32 NW: 18.05 UW: 18.68 |
Karppanen AK.et al., 2012 | Standing broad jump (cm) | Lower limbs | Boys: OW: 110.2 ±15.0* NW 126.9 ±14.1* | Girls: OW: 102.7 ±15.7* NW: 115.7 ±15.5* |
Deforche B.et al., 2003 | Standing-broad jump (cm) | Lower limbs | Boys: 12-13 years OB: 154.3 ± 17.8* Non-OB: 175.0 ± 19.2* 14-15 years OB: 173.1 ± 21.6* Non-OB: 193.8 ± 22.4* 16-18 years OB: 184.0 ± 20.8* Non-OB: 211.1 ± 22.3* | Girls: 12-13 years OB: 136.9 ± 14.6* Non-OB: 160.7 ± 17.8* 14-15 years OB: 142.3 ± 15.2* Non-OB: 165.8 ± 20.0* 16-18 years OB: 148.9 ± 17.4* Non-OB: 166.5 ± 20.5* |
Tokmakidis S.et al., 2006 | Standing broad jump (cm) | Lower limbs | Boys: OB: 110.5 OW: 122 NW: 129 | Girls: OB: 97.6 OW: 107.3 NW: 115.7 |
Sacchetti R.et al., 2012 | The 2 kg medicine-ball forward throw test (cm) | Upper limbs | Boys: OB: 391.7 ± 74.6* OW: 346.1 ±73.3* NW: 306.2 ± 61.0* | Girls: OB: 303.1 ± 42.0* OW: 285.3 ± 49.8* NW: 254.4 ± 43.2* |
Standing Long jump (cm) | Lower limbs | Boys: OB: 117.2 ±17.4* OW: 122.9 ±18.2* NW: 133.4 ±18.1* | Girls: OB: 102.2 ±16.5* OW 109.3 ±16.1* NW: 178.2 ±16.9* | |
Castro-Piñero J.et al., 2009 | Throw ball (m)† | Upper limbs | Boys: OB: 8.39 OW: 8.27 NW: 8.10 UW: 7.40 | Girls: OB: 6.67 OW: 6.55 NW: 6.21 UW: 6.23 |
Standing broad jump (m)† | Lower limbs | Boys: OB: 1.30 OW:1.42 NW: 1.52 UW: 1.51 | Girls: OB: 1.19 OW: 1.24 NW: 1.31 UW: 1.43 | |
Vertical jump (cm)† | Lower limbs | Boys: OB: 24.14 OW: 26.28 NW: 29.19 UW: 27.71 | Girls: OB: 20.52 OW: 22.47 NW: 24.04 UW: 23.61 | |
Ceschia A.et al., 2015 | Throw back ball (m) | Upper limbs | Class of age I OB: 3.78 ± 0.81* OW: 3.66 ± 1.10* NW: 3.66 ± 1.15* UW: 3.58 ± 1.17* Class of age II OB: 4.63 ± 1.16* OW: 4.75 ± 1.09* NW: 4.63 ± 1.31* UW: 4.61 ± 1.18* | Class of age III OB: 5.38 ± 1.26* OW: 5.23 ± 1.21* NW: 5.02 ± 1.47* UW: 5.04 ± 1.52* Class of age IV OB: 6.61 ± 1.51* OW: 5.79 ± 1.19* NW: 5.67 ± 1.55* UW: 4.99 ± 1.53* Class of age V OB: 7.05 ± 1.07* OW: 6.88 ± 1.42* NW: 6.25 ± 1.26* UW: 5.59 ± 1.0* |
Long Jump (m) | Lower limbs | Class of age I OB: 0.75 ± 0.10 * OW: 0.86 ± 0.19* NW:0.92 ± 0.20* UW: 0.95 ± 0.17* Class of age II OB: 0.79 ± 0.22* OW: 0.91 ± 0.21* NW: 1.01 ± 0.18* UW: 1.05 ± 0.19* | Class of age III OB: 0.94±0.14* OW: 1.03±0.20* NW: 1.10±0.21* UW: 1.12±0.22* Class of age IV OB: 1.08±0.24* OW: 1.15±0.23* NW: 1.21±0.22* UW: 1.22±0.18* Class of age V OB: 1.13±0.10* OW: 1.20±0.20* NW: 1.26±0.25* UW: 1.25±0.18* |