Introduction
Methods
Search strategy
Study selection
Data abstraction and synthesis
Results
Literature search results
Study characteristics
Study | Country | Data Source | Sample size | Female (%) | Age (mean) | Follow-up (years) | Cancer Information | Modified CHEERS scorea | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Definition | Stage | ||||||||
Studies estimating costs of prevalent disease | ||||||||||
Byun, 2014 [10] | Korea | Claims Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service | 83,594 | 40.7 | Not stated | 1 | Colon Rectal | ICD-10 | Not stated | 13 |
Zheng, 2016 [11] | USA | Medical Expenditure Panel Survey | 540 | 55.8 | Not stated | 1 | Colon Rectal | self-report | Not stated | 12 |
Huang, 2017 [12] | China | Hospital medical records; patient survey | 2,356 | 42.9 | 57.4 | Not specified | Colon Rectal | self-report | I-IV | 14 |
Tran, 2020 [13] | Vietnam | Hospital medical records | 531 | 41.4 | 55.9 | 1 | Colon Rectal | ICD-18,19,20 | I-IV | 11 |
Gigli, 2021 [14] | Italy | National Health Service Databases: Cancer registry, Outpatient services, Drug prescriptions, Hospital discharges | 9,358 | 43.0 | Not stated | 1 | Rectal | ICD9-CM | I-IV | 14 |
Studies estimating costs of incident disease | ||||||||||
Taplin, 1995 [17] | USA | Health Electronic Records from Cancer Research Network’s Virtual Data Warehouse | 1,315 | Not stated | Not stated | 1 | Colon | ICD-O | CIS – distant | 12 |
Clerc, 2008 [16] | France | Public healthcare plan enrollees and health insurance database | 204 | 49.4 | Not stated | 1 | Colon Rectal | ICD-O | I-IV | 10 |
Hall, 2015 [15] | England | Patient Level Information and Costing Systems | 146 | 49.0 | 65.0 | 1.5 | Colon Rectal | medical records | Dukes staging (A-D) | 14 |
Laudicella, 2016 [18] | England | National Cancer Data Repository; Hospital Episode Statistics; National Schedules of Reference Costs | 275, 985 | 41.5 | 55.6 | 9 | Colon Rectal | ICD-10 | I-IV | 14 |
Ritzwoller, 2018 [19] | USA | Health Electronic Records from Cancer Research Network’s Virtual Data Warehouse | De novob: 1,072 Recurrentc: 542 | De-Novob: 49.0 Recurrentc: 46.0 | De-Novob: 66.1 Recurrentc: 68.2 | 1 | Colon Rectal | ICD-9,10 | De-Novob: IV Recurrentc:I-IV | 15 |
Shi, 2019 [20] | China | Hospital medical records | 14,536 | 42.7 | 58.2 | Not specified | Colon Rectal | medical records | I-IV | 15 |
Goldsbury, 2021 [21] | Australia | Sax Institute’s NSW 45 and Up Study questionnaire data linked with administrative datasets, including Admitted Patient Data Collection, Emergency Department Data Collection, NSW Cancer Registry, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and Medicare Benefits Schedule | 1,747 | Colon: 52.0 Rectal: 35.0 | Median age: Colon: 72 Rectal: 68 | 1 | Colon Rectal | ICD-10 | Localized, regional, distant metastases | 16 |
Paszat, 2021 [22] | Canada | ICES database | 9,977 | 40.5 | Not stated | 1 | Colon Rectal | ICD-10 | I-IV | 14 |
Utsumi, 2021 [23] | Japan | National health insurance claims data | Endoscopicd: 267 Surgicale: 175 Palliativef: 161 | Endoscopicd: 42.7 Surgicale: 39.4 Palliativef: 34.8 | Median age: Endoscopicd: 67 Surgicale: 67 Palliativef: 66 | 3 | Colon Rectal | ICD-10 | I-IV | 14 |
Costing methodologies
Study | Cost definition | Cost Components | Source of payment | Payer perspective | Cost per-capita CRC (2020 USD) | Cost per-capita aCRC (2020 USD) | Cost comparison (yCRC versus aCRC) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chemotherapy | Radiation Therapy | Outpatient (visits) | Prescription medications | Inpatient (care) | Patient out-of-pocket | Private insurance | Public payer | Statistical method used | Findings | |||||
Studies estimating the annualized costs of prevalent disease | ||||||||||||||
Byun, 2014 [10] | Estimated costs associated with CRC. Only considered the cost of prescription medication if it was indicated for CRC treatment | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Societala | Maleb 10–19 years: 16,078 20–29 years: 12,466 30–39 years: 10,156 40–49 years: 9,778 Femaleb 10–19 years: 16,801 20–29 years: 15,816 30–39 years: 14,044 40–49 years: 13,658 | Maleb 50–59 years: 9,501 60–69 years: 8,430 70–79 years: 7,580 80–89 years: 6,649 90–100 years: 5,962 Femaleb 50–59 years: 12,148 60–69 years: 11,099 70–79 years: 11,530 80–89 years: 12,466 90–100 years: 12,509 | N/A | N/A | |
Zheng, 2016 [11] | Estimated the costs associated with and attributed to (i.e., net cost) a CRC diagnosis | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Societala | < 65 years Totalc: 13,837 Outpatient: 7,021 Inpatient: 5,053 Medications: 1,595 Netd: 9,745 Outpatient: 5,597 Inpatient: 3,948 Medications: 650 | ≥ 65 years Totalc: 14,997 Outpatient: 4,151 Inpatient: 5,942 Medications: 3,104 Netd: 5,537 Outpatient: 1,668 Inpatient: 2,970 Prescription: 726 | N/A | N/A |
Huang, 2017 [12] | Estimated costs associated with CRC. Including 2 months prior to diagnosis until the survey date | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Societala | < 45 years: 11,918 45–54 years: 11,994 | 55–64 years: 10,748 ≥ 65 years: 10,644 | Generalized linear models | Not significant | |
Tran, 2020 [13] | Estimated costs associated with CRC | ○ | ○ | ● | Societal | < 30 years: 2,263 30–39 years: 2,517 40–49 years: 2,335 | 50–59 years: 2,191 60–69 years: 1,932 ≥ 70 years: 1,412 | N/A | N/A | |||||
Gigli, 2021[14] | Estimated cost of care related to rectal cancer treatment (i.e., cost calculation only included the cost of procedures and medications related to rectal cancer treatment) | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Healthcare provider | 15–49 years: Initiale: 27,692 Continuingf: 3,709 Terminalg: 31,359 | 50–69 years: Initiale: 24,083 Continuingf: 3,290 Terminalg: 25,450 70–79 years: Initiale: 23,184 Continuingf: 2,444 Terminalg: 18,338 ≥ 80 years: Initiale: 18,214 Continuingf: 1,620 Terminalg: 7,311 | N/A | N/A | ||
Studies estimating the costs of incident disease | ||||||||||||||
Taplin, 1995 [17] | Estimated costs associated with colon cancer by phases of care | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Healthcare providera | < 65 years Initiale: 28,013 Continuingf: 2,594 Terminalg: 30,046 | 65–79 years Initiale: 27,614 Continuingf: 2,454 Terminalg: 22,179 ≥ 80 years Initiale: 26,802 Continuingf: 2,253 Terminalg: 19,575 | Multivariate linear regression | Not significant | ||
Clerc, 2008 [16] | Estimated costs associated with CRC during the 12 months following diagnosis | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Healthcare providera | < 65 years: 46,624 h Medical purchasesi: 12,101 Outpatient: 8,278 Inpatient: 24,988 | 65–74 years: 42,978 h Medical purchasesi: $11,949 Outpatient: 7,485 Inpatient: 22,489 ≥ 75 years: 38,668 h Medical purchasesi: 7,492 Outpatient: 7,076 Inpatient: 23,192 | Multivariate linear regression | Not significant | ||
Hall, 2015 [15] | Estimated costs associated with CRC, 6, 12 and 15 months following diagnosis | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Healthcare provideri | < 65 years 6 months: 19,097 12 months: 23,368 15 months: 25,319 | ≥ 65 years 6 months: 17,858 12 months: 19,929 15 months: 20,978 | Multivariate linear regression | Not significant | |||
Laudicella, 2016 [18] | Estimated costs associated with CRC treatment | ● | ● | ● | ● | Healthcare provideri | < 65 years Stage 1/2 Year 1: 27,360 Year 2: 6,708 Year 3: 5,631 Year 4: 4,435 Year 5: 4,028 Year 6: 2,873 Year 7: 2,972 Year 8: 2,756 Year 9: 2,428 Stage 3/4: Year 1: 35,206 Year 2: 11,774 Year 3: 8,163 Year 4: 6,734 Year 5: 4,910 Year 6: 4,169 Year 7: 4,798 Year 8: 3,763 Year 9: 2,701 | ≥ 65 years Stage 1/2: Year 1: 26,048 Year 2: 6,640 Year 3: 5,567 Year 4: 4,771 Year 5: 4,829 Year 6: 4,872 Year 7: 4,503 Year 8: 4,901 Year 9: 4,229 Stage 3/4: Year 1: 28,277 Year 2: 9,437 Year 3: 7,459 Year 4: 6,006 Year 5: 5,668 Year 6: 5,420 Year 7: 3,739 Year 8: 4,629 Year 9: 3,769 | N/A | N/A | ||||
Ritzwoller, 2018 [19] | Estimated costs associated with CRC during the 12 months following diagnosis | ● | ● | ● | ● | Healthcare providera | < 65 years De Novoj: 89,945 Recurrentk: 61,935 | ≥ 65 years De Novoj: 67,195 Recurrentk: 49,279 | N/A | N/A | ||||
Shi, 2019 [20] | Estimated costs associated with CRC treatment | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Societala | 2002–2011 < 45: 7,151 45–54: 7,085 2009–2011 < 45: 10,087 45–54: 9,846 | 2002–2011 55–64: 6,680 ≥ 65: 6,933 2009–2011 55–64: 8,193 ≥ 65: 8,354 | N/A | N/A | |||
Goldsbury, 2021[21] | Estimated costs associated with colon and rectal cancer during the 12 months following diagnosis | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Healthcare provider | 45–54 years Colon: 36,064 Rectal: 40,720 | 55- 64 years Colon: 31,869 Rectal: 36,488 65–74 years Colon: 29,723 Rectal: 30,754 ≥ 75 years Colon: 23,251 Rectal: 32,695 | Multivariable gamma regression | Colon: higher costs associated with age < 55 years old at diagnosis Rectal: higher costs associated with age < 65 years old at diagnosis | |||
Paszat, 2021 [22] | Estimated costs associated with CRC during the 12 months following diagnosis | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Healthcare provider | 20–49 years 44,291 | 65–74 years 41,063 | N/A | N/A | |||
Utsumi, 2021[23] | Estimated costs associated with CRC within 3 years of diagnosis | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | Healthcare provider | 30–39 years Endoscopicl: 8,733 Surgicalm: 22,755 Palliativen: 55,713 40–49 years Endoscopicl: 5,717 Surgicalm: 26,386 Palliativen: 72,016 | 50–59 years Endoscopicl: 8,184 Surgicalm: 26,507 Palliativen: 80,516 60–69 years Endoscopicl: 12,681 Surgicalm: 33,424 Palliativen: 78,840 70–71 years Endoscopicl: 12,811 Surgicalm: 29,160 Palliativen: 70,936 | N/A | N/A |