Introduction
Methods
Experimental design
Participant characteristics
Vascular endothelial function
Blood processing and biomarkers of oxidative stress
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable | Type 1 Diabetes | Controls | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 32) | (n = 25) | ||
Demographics | |||
Age (y) | 25 ± 6 | 24 ± 6 | 0.365 |
Time Since Diagnosis (y) | 13 ± 7 | ||
Height (cm) | 163.5 ± 7.0 | 165.4 ± 5.8 | 0.273 |
Weight (kg) | 72.8 ± 17.6 | 68.4 ± 15.8 | 0.336 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 ± 5.7 | 24.5 ± 4.7 | 0.060 |
MAP (mm Hg) | 87 ± 8 | 83 ± 7 | 0.069 |
Clinical Laboratory Values | |||
CRP (mg/L) | 5.4 ± 8.3 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 0.008 |
TC (mg/dL) | 178 ± 41 | 163 ± 35 | 0.161 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 58 ± 17 | 53 ± 13 | 0.228 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 98 ± 42 | 88 ± 39 | 0.337 |
TRIG (mg/dL) | 76 ± 45 | 63 ± 28 | 0.158 |
TC/HDL ratio | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 0.788 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.6 ± 1.7 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
FBG (mg/dL) – Menses | 153 ± 79 | 85 ± 9 | < 0.001 |
FBG (mg/dL) – Late Follicular | 168 ± 95 | 85 ± 10 | < 0.001 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) – Menses | 3.1 ± 9.8 | 8.1 ± 4.6 | 0.015 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) – Late Follicular | 2.9 ± 7.8 | 9.4 ± 5.8 | < 0.001 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) – Menses | 40 ± 25 (9-114) | 30 ± 15 (8–72) | 0.084 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) – Late Follicular | 115 ± 82* (25–356) | 100 ± 84* (17–391) | 0.521 |
LH (mIU/mL) – Menses | 6 ± 4 (1–21) | 7 ± 2 (3–14) | 0.783 |
LH (mIU/mL) – Late Follicular | 12 ± 7* (3–36) | 16 ± 13* (7–56) | 0.099 |
Progesterone (ng/mL) – Menses | 0.4 ± 0.4 (0.1–1.5) | 0.3 ± 0.2 (0.1–0.8) | 0.469 |
Progesterone (ng/mL) – Late Follicular | 0.9 ± 1.5 (0.1-7.0) | 1.0 ± 1.6* (0.1–6.3) | 0.799 |
Estradiol and endothelial function during the menstrual cycle in type 1 diabetes and controls
Variable | Menses | Late Follicular | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 Diabetes | Controls | p-value | Type 1 Diabetes | Controls | p-value | |
Baseline diameter (cm) | 0.300 ± 0.033 | 0.299 ± 0.029 | 0.831 | 0.301 ± 0.035 | 0.297 ± 0.033 | 0.690 |
Peak diameter (cm) | 0.325 ± 0.035 | 0.325 ± 0.031 | 0.991 | 0.322 ± 0.033 | 0.326 ± 0.035 | 0.725 |
Shear (s− 1 AUC) | 49,321 ± 20,062 | 46,903 ± 15,194 | 0.619 | 48,694 ± 16,337 | 47,949 ± 15,270 | 0.861 |
FMD/Shear (%/s− 1 AUC) | 0.182 ± 0.068 | 0.206 ± 0.100 | 0.284 | 0.155 ± 0.059 | 0.219 ± 0.110 | 0.007 |
Circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress and NO concentration during the menstrual cycle in type 1 diabetes and controls
Effects of HBC on estradiol and endothelial function in women with type 1 diabetes
Variable | HBC (+) | HBC (-) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 9) | (n = 9) | ||
Demographics | |||
Age (y) | 25 ± 7 | 23 ± 3 | 0.308 |
Time Since Diagnosis (y) | 15 ± 10 | 13 ± 6 | 0.658 |
Height (cm) | 166.3 ± 7.5 | 163.9 ± 6.9 | 0.484 |
Weight (kg) | 80.2 ± 18.7 | 67.9 ± 18.3 | 0.177 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.0 ± 6.4 | 25.2 ± 5.9 | 0.214 |
MAP (mm Hg) | 91 ± 7 | 90 ± 6 | 0.949 |
Clinical Laboratory Values | |||
CRP (mg/L) | 4.8 ± 4.3 | 8.0 ± 11.7 | 0.466 |
TC (mg/dL) | 192 ± 42 | 179 ± 29 | 0.460 |
HDL (mg/dL) | 70 ± 22 | 63 ± 18 | 0.444 |
LDL (mg/dL) | 95 ± 33 | 97 ± 32 | 0.867 |
TRIG (mg/dL) | 103 ± 67 | 67 ± 23 | 0.152 |
TC/HDL ratio | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 0.947 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.3 ± 2.1 | 8.9 ± 2.1 | 0.509 |
FBG (mg/dL) – M/P | 142 ± 60 | 132 ± 67 | 0.731 |
FBG (mg/dL) – LF/A | 158 ± 53 | 158 ± 70 | 0.988 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) – M/P | 1.3 ± 1.5 | 7.0 ± 18.3 | 0.386 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) – LF/A | 1.4 ± 1.7 | 5.5 ± 14.5 | 0.419 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) – M/P | 17 ± 14 (5–45) | 42 ± 31 (12–114) | 0.041 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) – LF/A | 21 ± 35 (5-112) | 108 ± 64* (28–210) | 0.002 |
LH (mIU/mL) – M/P | 3 ± 3 (1–11) | 5 ± 3 (1–9) | 0.203 |
LH (mIU/mL) – LF/A | 5 ± 5 (0–12) | 14 ± 9* (3–34) | 0.017 |
Progesterone (ng/mL) – M/P | 0.2 ± 0.1 (0.1–0.4) | 0.5 ± 0.4 (0.1–1.3) | 0.149 |
Progesterone (ng/mL) – LF/A | 0.2 ± 0.1 (0.1–0.3) | 1.1 ± 2.2 (0.1-7.0) | 0.262 |
Variable | M/P | LF/A | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HBC (+) | HBC (-) | p-value | HBC (+) | HBC (-) | p-value | |
Baseline diameter (cm) | 0.281 ± 0.032 | 0.306 ± 0.027 | 0.091 | 0.285 ± 0.029 | 0.307 ± 0.027 | 0.122 |
Peak diameter (cm) | 0.316 ± 0.035 | 0.334 ± 0.032 | 0.269 | 0.315 ± 0.032 | 0.325 ± 0.028 | 0.471 |
Shear (s− 1 AUC) | 51,487 ± 20,264 | 52,242 ± 22,526 | 0.941 | 59,852 ± 18,080 | 45,892 ± 18,158 | 0.122 |
FMD/Shear (%/s− 1 AUC) | 0.262 ± 0.087 | 0.186 ± 0.057 | 0.045 | 0.186 ± 0.084 | 0.131 ± 0.057 | 0.125 |