Introduction
Materials and methods
Literature search
Article selection
Data statistics and analysis
Results
Epidemiological statistics
Variables | Number | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | 95 | |
Male | 47 | 49.5% |
Fmale | 48 | 50.5% |
Age at diagnosis(years) | 95 | |
< 45 | 47 | 49.5% |
> = 45 | 48 | 50.5% |
Mean | 9–79 | |
Hematology | 34 | |
Yes | 9 | 26.5% |
No | 25 | 73.5% |
Tumor size (mm) | 63 | |
< 45 | 31 | 49.2% |
> = 45 | 32 | 50.8% |
T1-weighted | 74 | |
Iso-/Hypointense | 73 | 98.6% |
Hyperintense | 1 | 1.4% |
T2-weighted | 74 | |
Hypointense | 9 | 12.2% |
Iso-/Hyperintense | 65 | 87.8% |
Enhancement | 89 | |
Homogeneous | 55 | 61.8% |
Heterogeneous | 19 | 21.3% |
Yes | 15 | 16.9% |
CT | 34 | |
Hyperintense | 17 | 50.0% |
Isodense | 11 | 32.4% |
Mixed density | 6 | 17.6% |
Edema | 83 | |
Yes | 61 | 73.5% |
No | 22 | 26.5% |
EMA | 63 | |
+ | 62 | 98.4% |
- | 1 | 1.6% |
PR | 6 | |
+ | 3 | 50.0% |
- | 3 | 50.0% |
CD3 | 20 | |
+ | 19 | 95.0% |
- | 1 | 5.0% |
CD20 | 20 | |
+ | 19 | 95.0% |
- | 1 | 5.0% |
CD138 | 7 | |
+ | 7 | 100.0% |
- | 0 | 0.0% |
CD38 | 24 | |
+ | 23 | 95.8% |
- | 1 | 4.3% |
LCA | 46 | |
+ | 46 | 100.0% |
- | 0 | 0.0% |
Vimentin | 51 | |
+ | 50 | 98.0% |
- | 1 | 2.0% |
S-100 | 14 | |
+ | 11 | 78.6% |
- | 3 | 27.3% |
Ki67 + (%) | 16 | |
< 5 | 10 | 62.5% |
5–10 | 4 | 25.0% |
> 10 | 1 | 6.3% |
NA | 1 | 6.3% |
GFAP | 13 | |
+ | 3 | 23.1% |
- | 10 | 76.9% |
Surgery | 95 | |
GTR | 75 | 78.9% |
STR | 20 | 26.7% |
Radiotherapy | 80 | |
Yes | 10 | 12.5% |
No | 70 | 87.5% |
Recurrence | 93 | |
Yes | 7 | 7.5% |
No | 86 | 92.5% |
Study | Year | Nb | Location | Age (years) | Gender | Cliencal symptoms | History (months) | Peripheral blood abnormalities | Maximum diameter (mm) | T1-weight | T2-weight | Enhancement | CT | Edema* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wang,Y.B., et al. [25] | 2018 | 1 | 1 | Left frontal lobe | 51 | F | Left frontal scalp swelling | 12 | NA | 35 | Hypointense | Hyperintense | Yes | NA | NA |
Yongjun, L., et al. [6] | 2015 | 9 | 1 | Right frontal lobe | 39 | F | Headache, dizziness, and vomiting(8/9) | NA | Anemia(4/9) | NA | Hypointense (9/9) | Hyperintense(7/9) | Yes(9/9) | Hyperdense(6/6) | Yes(5/6) |
2 | Right lateral lobe | 30 | M | Epilepsy(3/9) | Hypointense (2/9) | ||||||||||
3 | Occipital sagittal sinus side | 52 | M | Vision loss(2/9) | |||||||||||
4 | Cerebellopontine angle | 63 | F | Hearing loss(1/9) | |||||||||||
5 | Cerebral falx | 9 | F | ||||||||||||
6 | Sphenoid ridge | 47 | M | ||||||||||||
7 | Right occiput | 34 | M | ||||||||||||
8 | Left forehead | 59 | M | ||||||||||||
9 | Left frontal temporalis lobe | 54 | F | ||||||||||||
Tao, X., et al. [11] (multicenter study without individual information) | 2017 | 56 | 56 | Frontal convexity (19) | 44.6 ± 12 | F(28/56) | Headache or increased intracranial hypertension (24/56) | Average 2 | NA | 46 ± 16.7 | Isointense (34/55) | Isointense (25/55) | Homogeneous enhancement (39/55) | Isodense (11/25) | - (13/56) |
Parietal convexity (10) | M(28/56) | Limb weakness (8/56) | Hypointense (21/55) | Hypointense (5/55) | Heterogeneous enhancement (16/55) | Hyperintense (10/25) | + (21/56) | ||||||||
Lateral ventricle (3) | Dizziness(7/56) | Hyperintense (25/55) | Mixed density (4/25) | + + (8/56) | |||||||||||
Pineal region(2) | Blurred vision (7/56) | + + + (14/56) | |||||||||||||
Posterior fossa convexity (1) | Numbness (6/56) | ||||||||||||||
Fourth ventricle(1) | Seizures (6/56) | ||||||||||||||
Sphenoid ridge(6) | Memory loss (3/56) | ||||||||||||||
Tuberculum sellae/Parasellar (5) | Diplopia(3/56) | ||||||||||||||
Cerebellopontine angle (3) | Facial paralysis (3/56) | ||||||||||||||
Petroclival region (3) | Hearing loss(2/56) | ||||||||||||||
Foramen magnum (2) | Hyposmia (3/56) | ||||||||||||||
Anterior skull base (1) | Asymptomatic(7/56) | ||||||||||||||
de Almeida, G.B. and G. Januário [26] | 2022 | 1 | 1 | Bilateral frontoparietal lobe | 57 | F | Left hemiparesis | NA | Normal | 70 | Isointense | Hypointense | Homogeneous enhancement | Hyperdense | Yes |
Wang, H., et al. [7] | 2021 | 1 | 1 | Skull base to C6 | 44 | M | Complaints of limb weakness | NA | Anemia | NA | Isointense | Isointense | Homogeneous enhancement | NA | NA |
Gu, K.C., et al. [27] | 2020 | 1 | 1 | Right frontal lobe | 36 | M | Headache | NA | Normal | 40 | Hyperintense | Hypointense | Yes | Mixed density | Yes |
Study | Year | Nb | Location | Age (years) | Gender | Cliencal symptoms | History (months) | Peripheral blood abnormalities | Maximum diameter (mm) | TIW1 | T2W2 | Enhancement | CT | Edema | |
Li, J., et al. [28] | 2021 | 1 | 1 | Skull base, tentorium, sella area, and C1-6 | 44 | M | Extremities weakness | 2 | NA | NA | Isointense | Isointense | Homogeneous enhancement | NA | NA |
Wang, Y.B., et al. [4] | 2014 | 1 | 1 | Ventricle | 37 | F | Generalized tonic–clonic seizure | 5 Hours | NA | 40 | Hypointense | Hyperintense | Yes | NA | Yes |
Kanno, H., et al. [15] | 2011 | 1 | 1 | Right jugular foramen | 55 | F | Hoarseness and dysphasia | NA | NA | 15 | Isointense | Hyperintense | Yes | Mixed density, homogeneous enhancement | NA |
Yang, X., et al. [29] | 2018 | 1 | 1 | Lateral ventricle | 47 | F | Occipital-cervical region pain | 6 | NA | NA | Isointense | Hyperintense | Yes | NA | NA |
Avninder, S., V. Gupta, and K.C. Sharma [30] | 2008 | 1 | 1 | The medulla and upper cervical cord mass | 22 | F | Headache | 6 | NA | 35 | Isointense | NA | Homogeneous enhancement | NA | NA |
Majumdar, K., et al. [31] | 2013 | 1 | 1 | Right sphenoid rigid | 50 | M | Blurred vision | NA | Normal | 50 | NA | Hyperintense | Yes | NA | NA |
Zhu, H.D., et al. [8] | 2013 | 19 | 1 | Left occipital lobe | 20 | F | NA | NA | Normal | NA | NA | Homogeneous enhancement (11/14) | + | ||
2 | Right frontoparietal lobe | 28 | F | Hyperglobulinemia/Anemia | Heterogeneous enhancement (3/14) | + + + | |||||||||
3 | Left temporal lobe | 42 | M | Normal | - | ||||||||||
4 | Left frontotemporal lobe | 48 | F | Normal | NA | ||||||||||
5 | Right frontal falx | 77 | M | Normal | - | ||||||||||
6 | Right frontal lobe | 46 | M | Normal | + | ||||||||||
7 | Left occipital lobe | 46 | M | Normal | - | ||||||||||
8 | Right frontoparietal lobe | 57 | M | Normal | + | ||||||||||
9 | Left sphenoid ridge | 58 | F | Normal | + + | ||||||||||
10 | Right frontal falx | 79 | M | Normal | - | ||||||||||
11 | Right frontal falx | 63 | F | Normal | + | ||||||||||
12 | Right frontal falx | 71 | M | Normal | + + | ||||||||||
13 | Right frontal lobe | 46 | F | Normal | + + | ||||||||||
14 | C1-2 | 25 | M | Anemia | - | ||||||||||
15 | Foramen magnum to C1-4 | 57 | F | Normal | - | ||||||||||
16 | Left cerebellum &tentorium | 21 | F | Anemia | - | ||||||||||
17 | Right frontoparietal lobe | 40 | F | Normal | + | ||||||||||
18 | C3-4 | 51 | M | Normal | - | ||||||||||
19 | Left frontoparietal lobe | 24 | F | Normal | + + + | ||||||||||
Fukui, K., et al. [32] | 2021 | 1 | 1 | C2-3 | 43 | M | Neck pain | 12 | Hyperglobulinemia/Anemia | Isointense | Hyperintense | Homogeneous enhancement | NA |
Pathological characteristics and treatment methods
Study | Year | Nb | Pathology | Surgery | Following-up time(months) | Recurrence | 0utcome | Radiotherapy | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EMA | CD3 | CD20 | CD138 | CD38 | LCA | Vimentin | S100 | Ki67 + (%) | GFAP | PR | |||||||||
Wang,Y.B., et al. [25] | 2018 | 1 | 1 | + | + | + | + | 3 | - | GTR | 24 | No | ANT | NA | |||||
Yongjun, L., et al. [6] | 2015 | 9 | 1 | + (9/9) | + (9/9) | + (9/9) | + (9/9) | GTR | 42 | No | ANT | No(9/9) | |||||||
2 | GTR | 34 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
3 | STR | 56 | Yes(1 year) | ANT | |||||||||||||||
4 | GTR | 23 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
5 | GTR | 34 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
6 | STR | 38 | No | AWT | |||||||||||||||
7 | GTR | 52 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
8 | GTR | 22 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
9 | GTR | 31 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
Tao, X., et al. [11](multicenter study without individual information) | 2017 | 56 | 56 | + (23/24) | + (13/14) | + (12/12) | + (13/14) | + (12/12) | + (18/19) | + (10/12) | 1–5(5/9) | 3 | GTR (45/56) | 5–97 (average41.5) | 3/56(at 36 months) | Died (1/56) | Yes(6/56) | ||
-(1/24) | -(1/14) | -(1/14) | -(1/19) | -(2/12) | 5–10(3/9) | 5 | STR (11/56) | 5/56(at 60 months) | ANT at 36 months (52/56) | No(50/56) | |||||||||
> 10(1/9) | ANT at 60 months (50/56) | ||||||||||||||||||
de Almeida, G.B. and G. Januário [26] | 2022 | 1 | 1 | + | + | + | GTR | 12 | No | ANT | NA | ||||||||
Wang, H., et al. [7] | 2021 | 1 | 1 | + | + | + | + | + | < 1 | - | + | STR | Dead 2 weeks after operation for pneumonia | No | |||||
Gu, K.C., et al. [27] | 2020 | 1 | 1 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | < 5 | - | - | GTR | 36 | No | ANT | No |
Li, J., et al. [28] | 2021 | 1 | 1 | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | STR | 3 | No | AWT | No | ||||
Wang, Y.B., et al. [4] | 2014 | 1 | 1 | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | - | GTR | 3 | No | ANT | NA | |||
Kanno, H., et al. [15] | 2011 | 1 | 1 | + | + | + | + | GTR | 9 | No | ANT | NA | |||||||
Yang, X., et al. [29] | 2018 | 1 | 1 | + | + | STR | 3 | No | AWT | Yes | |||||||||
Avninder, S., V. Gupta, and K.C. Sharma [30] | 2008 | 1 | 1 | + | + | GTR | 12 | No | ANT | NA | |||||||||
Majumdar, K., et al. [31] | 2013 | 1 | 1 | + | + | + | + | + | GTR | 9 | No | ANT | NA | ||||||
Zhu, H.D., et al. [8] | 2013 | 19 | 1 | + (19/19) | + (19/19) | + (19/19) | -(most) | GTR | Lost follow-up | Yes(3/19) | |||||||||
2 | GTR | 63 | No | ANT | No(16/19) | ||||||||||||||
3 | STR | 59 | No | AWT | |||||||||||||||
4 | GTR | Lost follow-up | |||||||||||||||||
5 | GTR | 50 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
6 | GTR | 50 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
7 | GTR | 50 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
8 | GTR | 49 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
9 | STR | 46 | No | AWT | |||||||||||||||
10 | GTR | 45 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
11 | GTR | 41 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
12 | GTR | 39 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
13 | GTR | 39 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
14 | GTR | 37 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
15 | STR | 33 | No | AWT | |||||||||||||||
16 | GTR | 32 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
17 | GTR | 31 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
18 | GTR | 28 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
19 | GTR | 24 | No | ANT | |||||||||||||||
Fukui, K., et al. [32] | 2021 | 1 | 1 | + | + | 5 | - | STR | 12 | Yes(at 12 months) | AWT | NA |
Follow-up, prognosis, and data analysis
Variable | p-value |
---|---|
Age(< 45)(n = 36) | |
< 45 | 0.814 |
≥ 45 | |
Gender(n = 36) | |
Male | 0.164 |
Fmale | |
Extent of resection(n = 36) | |
GTR | 0.003 |
STR | |
Location(skull base or not)(n = 36) | |
No skull base | 0.528 |
Skull base | |
Peripheral blood abnormalities(n = 21) | |
Normal | 0.046 |
Abnormal |
Variable | GTR | STR | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Age(n = 75) | |||
< 45 | 31 | 6 | 0.286 |
≥ 45 | 28 | 10 | |
Tumor size (mm)(n = 63) | |||
< 45 | 29 | 2 | 0.023 |
≥ 45 | 23 | 9 | |
Location(skull base or not)(n = 75) | |||
No skull base | 43 | 6 | 0.008 |
Skull base | 16 | 10 | |
Peritumoral edema(n = 58) | |||
Yes | 30 | 6 | 0.568 |
No | 17 | 5 | |
T2-weighted imaging signals(n = 64) | |||
Iso-/Hyperintense | 45 | 12 | 0.650 |
Hypointense | 5 | 2 |