Background
Materials and methods
Inclusion criteria
Information source
Studies selection
Data extraction
Quality assessment of included studies
Data synthesis and analysis
Results
Studies selection
Characteristics of the included studies
Author / Year of publication | Type of study | Study location | Study setting | Sample size average | Age in years | Diagnostic criteria for COPD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bourbeau et al., 2022 [29] | Prospective longitudinal study | Canada | Mixed | 1452 | 66.6 | FR |
Farooqi et al.,2022 [30] | Cross-sectional study | Canada | Mixed | 21,242 | 64 | LLN |
Grafino et al.,2022 [31] | Cross-sectional study | Lisbon/ Portugal | Mixed | 241 | 60 | FR and LLN |
Machiguchi et al.,2022 [32] | Retrospective epidemiological study | Japan | Mixed | 4364 | 53 | FR |
Pagano et al.,2022 [33] | Cross-sectional study | Australia | Mixed | 141 | 68 | FR |
Wang et al.,2022 [34] | Cross-sectional study | China | Mixed | 33,664 | 55.4 | FR |
Xiao et al.,2022 [35] | Cross sectional study | Guangdong/ China | NA | 202 | 58.2 | FR |
Kim et Kang.,2021 [36] | Cross-sectional study | South Korea | Mixed | 12,919 | LIN | |
Leung et al.,2021 [37] | Cross-sectional study | Canada | Urban | 4893 | 56.6 | FR and LLN |
Li et al.,2021 [38] | Cross-sectional study | Kashi / China | Rural | 2963 | 55.4 | FR |
Shangguan et al..,2021 [39] | Cross-sectional study | Liaoning/ China | Mixed | 2194 | - | FR |
Su et al.,2021 [40] | Cross-sectional population-based study | Jiangsu / China | Mixed | 3407 | 57.2 | FR |
Tamaki et al.,2021 [41] | Cross-sectional observational study | Okinawa / Japan | Mixed | 2518 | 52 | FR |
Zhang et al.,2021 [42] | Cross-sectional study | Jiangsu / China | Mixed | 2421 | 56.63 | FR |
Adhikari et al.,2020 [43] | Cross-sectional study | Pokhara / Nepal | Semi urban | 1438 | 55 | FR and LLN |
Kim et al.,2020 [44] | Longitudinal study | South Korea | Mixed | 6341 | 51.3 | FR |
Melbye et al.,2020 [45] | Cross-sectional study | Tromsø / Norway | Mixed | 7247 | 63 | LLN |
Sharifi et al.,2020 [46] | Cross-sectional study | Mazandaran / Iran | Mixed | 1007 | 44 | FR |
Sumit et al.,2020 [47] | Cross-sectional study | Bangladesh | Mixed | 373 | - | FR |
Timur et al.,2020 [48] | Cross-sectional study | Kayseri / Turkey | Mixed | 386 | 53.3 | FR |
Yan et al.,2020 [49] | Cross-sectional study | Suzhou / China | Mixed | 4725 | 62.2 | FR |
Bikbov et al.,2019 [50] | Cross-sectional study | Ufa / Russia | Mixed | 5392 | 59 | FR and LLN |
De Matteis et al.,2019 [51] | Cross-sectional study | United Kingdom | Urban | 94,551 | 55.9 | LLN |
Sheng et al.,2019 [52] | Cross-sectional study | Ningbo / Chin | Rural | 1371 | - | FR |
Zha et al.,2019 [53] | Cross-sectional study | Anhui / China | Mixed | 2770 | 53.8 | FR and LLN |
Broström et al.,2018 [54] | Cross-sectional study | Tartu in Estonia, Reykjavik in Iceland, and Uppsala in Sweden/Nordic Baltic Region | Urban | 1993 | 58.73 | LLN |
Ding et al.,2018 [55] | Cross-sectional study | Hlai / China | Mixed | 5637 | - | FR |
Fang et al..,2018 [56] | National cross-sectional study | China | Mixed | 66 752 | 54.9 | FR |
Leem et al.,2018 [57] | Prospective cohort study | Ansunge and Ansan/Korea | Mixed | 6517 | - | FR |
Kotaki et al.,2017 [58] | Cross-sectional study | Omuta / Japan | Urban | 293 | 67.65 | FR |
Nakao et al.,2017 [59] | Cross-sectional study | Oulan Bator / Mangolia | Mixed | 746 | 54.1 | FR |
Sobrino et al. 2017 [60] | Longitudinal prospective cohort study | Latin America (Bariloche and Marcos Paz, Argentina; Temuco, Chile; and Pando-Barros Blancos,Uruguay) | Mixed | 4354 | - | FR and LLN |
Torén et al.,2017 [61] | Cross-sectional validation study | Sweden | Mixed | 1050 | - | FR and LLN |
Denguezli et al.,2016 [62] | Cross-sectional study | Sousse / Tunisia | Mixed | 661 | 52 | FR and LLN |
El Rhazi et al.,2016 [63] | Cross-sectional study | Fez / Morocco | Urban | 768 | - | FR and LLN |
Fukuyama et al.,2016 [64] | Cross-sectional study | Hisayama / Japan | Mixed | 2232 | 61.1 | FR |
Karrasch et al.,2016 [65] | Observational cross-sectional study | Augsburg. Germany | Mixed | 2256 | 61.6 | FR and LLN |
Koul et al.,2016 [66] | Cross-sectional study | Kashmir / India | Mixed | 953 | 51.62 | FR and LLN |
Loh et al.,2016 [67] | Cross-sectional study | Penang / Malaysia | Sub urban | 663 | - | FR and LLN |
Obaseki et al.,2016 [68] | Cross-sectional study | Ile-Ife / Nigeria | Sub urban | 875 | - | LLN |
Omori et al. 2016 [69] | Cross-sectional study | Japan | Mixed | 22,293 | 54.7 | FR |
Park et al. 2016 [70] | Cross-sectional study | Korea | Mixed | 3283 | 59.35 | FR |
Quality of included studies
Study | Study purpose | Sampling technique | Sample Size | Assessement of lung function | COPD diagnostic criteria | Total score | Study quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bourbeau et al. 2022 [29] | Clearly defined (1) | Hazards sampling (1) | n = 1452 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Farooqi et al. 2022 [30] | Clearly defined (1) | Stratified random (1) | 21 242 (1) | Objective (1) | LLN (1) | 5 | moderate quality |
Grafino et al. 2022 [31] | Clearly defined (1) | Not mentioned (0) | 241 (0) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 4 | moderate quality |
Michiguchi et al. 2022 [32] | Clearly defined (1) | Not mentioned (0) | n = 4364 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Pagano et al. 2022 [33] | Clearly defined (1) | Not mentioned (0) | 141 (0) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 4 | moderate quality |
Wang et al. 2022 [34] | Clearly defined (1) | Hazards sampling (1) | n = 33 664 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Xiao et al. 2022 [35] | Clearly defined (1) | Randomized (1) | n = 202 (0) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Kim et Kang 2021 [36] | Clearly defined (1) | Multi-stage complex randomness (1) | n = 12 919 (1) | Objective (1) | LLN (1) | 5 | moderate quality |
Leung et al. 2021 [37] | Clearly defined (1) | Rondomized (1) | n = 4893 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 6 | high quality |
Li et 2021 [38] | Clearly defined (1) | Random in clusters (1) | n =2963 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Shanggaun et al. 2021 [39] | Clearly defined (1) | Multi-stage randomness (1) | n =2194 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Su et al. 2021 [40] | Clearly defined (1) | Multi-stage randomness (1) | n =3407 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Tamaki et al. 2021 [41] | Clearly defined (1) | Non-random (0) | n = 2518 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Zhang et al. 2021 [42] | Clearly defined (1) | Multi-stage randomness (1) | n = 2421 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Adhikari et al. 2020 [43] | Clearly defined (1) | Systemic randomness (1) | n =1438 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 6 | high quality |
Kim et al. 2020 [44] | Clearly defined (1) | Randomized (1) | n =6341 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Melbye et al. 2020 [45] | Clearly defined (1) | Randomized (1) | n =7247 (1) | Objective (1) | LLN (1) | 5 | moderate quality |
Sharifi et al. 2020 [46] | Clearly defined (1) | Randomized (1) | n =1007 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Sumit et al. 2020 [47] | Clearly defined (1) | Not mentioned (0) | n = 373 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Timur et al. 2020 [48] | Clearly defined (1) | Not mentioned (0) | n = 386 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Yan et al. 2020 [49] | Clearly defined (1) | Non-random (0) | n =4725 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Bikbov et al. 2019 [50] | Clearly defined (1) | Randomized (1) | n =5392 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 6 | High quality |
De Matteis et al. 2019 [51] | Clearly defined (1) | Randomized (1) | n =94,551 (1) | Objective (1) | LLN (1) | 5 | moderate quality |
Sheng et al. 2019 [52] | Clearly defined (1) | Non-random (0) | n = 1371 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Zha et al. 2019 [53] | Clearly defined (1) | Random, complex in several degrees (1) | n =2770 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 6 | high quality |
Brostrôm et al. 2018 [54] | Clearly defined (1) | Randomized (1) | n = 1993 (1) | Objective (1) | LLN (1) | 5 | moderate quality |
Ding et al. 2018 [55] | Clearly defined (1) | Not mentioned (0) | n =5637 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Fang et al. 2018 [56] | Clearly defined (1) | Random, complex in several degrees (1) | n = 66,752 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Leem et al. 2018 [57] | Clearly defined (1) | Randomized clustering in two stages (1) | n =6517(1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Kotaki et al. 2017 [58] | Clearly defined (1) | Not mentioned (0) | n = 293 (0) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 4 | moderate quality |
Nakaao et al. 2017 [59] | Clearly defined (1) | Non-random (0) | n = 746 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Sobrino et al. 2017 [60] | Clearly defined (1) | Random, stratified at four degrees (1) | n =4345 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 6 | high quality |
Torén et al. 2017 [61] | Clearly defined (1) | Rondomized (1) | n = 1050 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 6 | high quality |
Denguizli et al. 2016 [62] | Clearly defined (1) | Stratified random (1) | n = 661 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 6 | high quality |
El Rhazi et al. 2016 [63] | Clearly defined (1) | Randomized (1) | n =768 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 6 | high quality |
Fukuyama et al. 2016 [64] | Clearly defined (1) | Not mentioned (0) | n = 2232 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Karrash et al. 2016 [65] | Clearly defined (1) | Not mentioned (0) | n= 2256 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Koul et al. 2016 [66] | Clearly defined (1) | Randomized (1) | n =757 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 6 | high quality |
Loh et al. 2016 [67] | Clearly defined (1) | Random simple stratified (1) | n = 663 (1) | Objective (1) | FR and LLN (2) | 6 | high quality |
Obaseki et al. 2016 [68] | Clearly defined (1) | Random in three stages (1) | n = 875 (1) | Objective (1) | LLN (1) | 5 | moderate quality |
Omori et al. 2016 [69] | Clearly defined (1) | Not mentioned (0) | n =22,293 (1) | Objectif (1) | FR (2) | 5 | moderate quality |
Park et al. 2016 [70] | Clearly defined (1) | Random, complex in several degrees (1) | n = 3283 (1) | Objective (1) | FR (2) | 6 | high quality |
Estimated overall prevalence of COPD
FR criteria | LLN criteria | ||
---|---|---|---|
Both genders | Total number of studies | 36 | 18 |
Total number of participants | 200,723 | 164,184 | |
Prevalence of COPD (%) (95% CI) | 12.64 (10.75–14.65) | 7.38 (5.47–9.553) | |
I2 (%) | 99.34 | 99.42 | |
p value | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | |
Men | Total number of studies | 29 | 13 |
Total number of participants | 77,353 | 57,583 | |
Prevalence of COPD (%) (95% CI) | 15.47 (12.22–19.02) | 8.67 (8.44–8.90) | |
I2 (%) | 99.29 | 94.75 | |
p value | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 | |
Women | Total number of studies | 29 | 13 |
Total number of participants | 74,597 | 57,583 | |
Prevalence of COPD (%) (95% CI) | 8.79 (6.94- 10.828) | 8.001 (6.42–9.73) | |
I2 (%) | 98.58 | 96.00 | |
p value | P < 0.0001 | P < 0.0001 |
Estimated overall prevalence of COPD among individuals over 40 years of age by age category and smoking status
FR criteria | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age group | Total number of participants | Prevalence of COPD % (95% CI) | I2 (%) | p value |
40–49 years | 18,287 | 4.37 (2.76–6.33) | 96.46 | P < 0.0001 |
50–59 years | 16 362 | 9.54 (6.70-12.82) | 97.21 | P < 0.0001 |
60–69 years | 11,920 | 15.84 (11.85–20.29) | 97.04 | P < 0.0001 |
70 years and older | 5923 | 24.03 (20.04–28.26) | 91.60 | P < 0.0001 |
Smoking status | ||||
Never smokers | 55,903 | 8,154 (5.569–11.180) | 98.59 | P < 0.001 |
Former smokers | 11,484 | 18,385 (12.035–25.731) | 98.42 | P < 0.001 |
Currently smokers | 26,370 | 21.512 (16.394–27.118) | 97.93 | P < 0.0001 |
LLN criteria | ||||
Age group | Total number of participants | Prevalence of COPD % (95% CI) | I2 (%) | p value |
40–49 years | 2715 | 5.22 (2.34–9.17) | 93.02 | P < 0.0001 |
50–59 years | 2173 | 6.61 (2.05–13.51) | 96.39 | P < 0.0001 |
60–69 years | 1478 | 14.29 (12.54–16.17) | 78.95 | 0.0002 |
70 years and older | 852 | 14.23 (11.96–16.75) | 79.49 | 0.0002 |
Smoking status | ||||
Never smokers | 69,308 | 3.778 (0.369–10.526) | 99.81 | P < 0.001 |
Former smokers | 42,159 | 7.550 (2.989–13.962) | 99.46 | P < 0.001 |
Currently smokers | 7575 | 11.135 (5.019–19.271) | 98.14 | P < 0.001 |
Estimated regional prevalence of COPD among people aged 40 years and above
WHO region | FR Criteria | LLN criteria | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prevalence of COPD (%) (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P value | Prevalence of COPD (%) (95% CI) | I2 (%) | p value | |
EMR | 7.95 (3.72–13.59) | 95.24 | P < 0.0001 | 6.9 (0.042–0.110) | 83.34 | 0.000 |
EUR | 13.09 (8.32–18.76) | 97.63 | P < 0.0001 | 7.34 (6.7–8.01) | 95.86 | P < 0.0001 |
AMR | 22.93 (8.18–42.34) | 99,77 | P < 0.0001 | 4.82 (0.49–13.23) | 99.80 | P < 0.0001 |
SEAR | 19.48 (7.99–34.47) | 98.65 | P < 0.0001 | 10.17 (2.22–22.94) | 98.63 | P < 0.0001 |
WPR | 11.17 (9.11–13.42) | 99.42 | P < 0.0001 | 7.56 (3.70-10.11) | 94.96 | P < 0.0001 |
AFR | - | 7.7 ( 6.0–9.8) | - | P < 0.0001 |