Background
Methods
Target population, survey and online data and telephone interviews
Description of the target population
Description of the online and mailed survey data collection
Telephone interviews
Informed consent for register linkages
Factors associated with survey response
Sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors
Workplace-related factors
Health-related factors
Ethical approval
Statistical analyses
Results
Target population | Respondents | Statistical test for difference (chi-squared) | Response rate (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |||
Sex | ||||||
Women | 8801 | 77 | 4631 | 79 | 0.011 | 53 (52, 54) |
Men | 2658 | 23 | 1267 | 21 | 48 (46, 50) | |
Age | ||||||
18–24 years | 974 | 8 | 406 | 7 | 0.002 | 42 (39, 45) |
25–29 years | 3036 | 26 | 1559 | 26 | 51 (50, 53) | |
30–34 years | 3835 | 33 | 2003 | 34 | 52 (51, 54) | |
35–39 years | 3614 | 32 | 1930 | 33 | 53 (52, 55) | |
Occupational class | ||||||
Managers and professionals | 2778 | 24 | 1606 | 27 | < 0.0001 | 58 (56, 60) |
Semi-professionals | 3212 | 28 | 1871 | 32 | 58 (57, 60) | |
Routine non-manuals | 4307 | 38 | 1982 | 34 | 46 (45, 48) | |
Manual workers | 1162 | 10 | 439 | 7 | 38 (35, 41) | |
Income | ||||||
Highest quartile | 2866 | 25 | 1690 | 29 | < 0.0001 | 59 (57, 61) |
3rd | 2937 | 26 | 1668 | 28 | 57 (55, 59) | |
2nd | 2792 | 24 | 1297 | 22 | 46 (45, 48) | |
Lowest quartile | 2864 | 25 | 1243 | 21 | 43 (42, 45) | |
Employment sector | ||||||
Social and health care | 4906 | 43 | 2546 | 43 | 0.886 | 52 (50, 53) |
Education | 3964 | 35 | 2035 | 35 | 51 (50, 53) | |
Other | 2589 | 23 | 1317 | 22 | 51 (49, 53) | |
Contract type | ||||||
Permanent | 3074 | 27 | 1566 | 27 | 0.712 | 51 (49, 53) |
Temporary | 8385 | 73 | 4332 | 73 | 52 (51, 53) | |
Job type | ||||||
Full time | 10,158 | 89 | 5279 | 90 | 0.093 | 52 (51, 53) |
Part-time | 1301 | 11 | 619 | 10 | 48 (45, 50) | |
Work arrangement | ||||||
Day time | 7996 | 70 | 4245 | 72 | 0.011 | 53 (52, 54) |
Shift work | 3414 | 30 | 1629 | 28 | 48 (46, 49) | |
Undetermined | 49 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 49 (34, 64) | |
Years employed by the City of Helsinki* | ||||||
less than 1 year | 1542 | 13 | 756 | 13 | 0.327 | 49 (47, 52) |
1–5 years | 5220 | 46 | 2737 | 46 | 52 (51, 54) | |
more than 5 years | 4627 | 40 | 2378 | 40 | 51 (50, 53) | |
unknown | 70 | 1 | 27 | 0 | 39 (27, 51) | |
Sickness absence (6 months before the data collection) | ||||||
No sick leave spells | 5059 | 44 | 2577 | 44 | 0.008 | 51 (50, 52) |
From 1 to 3 days | 2742 | 24 | 1521 | 26 | 55 (54, 57) | |
From 4 to 14 days | 2682 | 23 | 1364 | 23 | 51 (49, 53) | |
15 days or more | 976 | 9 | 436 | 7 | 45 (42, 48) | |
Sickness absence (during the data collection = 18 Sep–31 Oct 2017) | ||||||
No sick leave spells | 7893 | 69 | 4046 | 69 | 0.014 | 51 (50, 52) |
From 1 to 3 days | 2216 | 19 | 1190 | 20 | 54 (52, 56) | |
From 4 to 14 days | 1081 | 9 | 565 | 10 | 52 (49, 55) | |
15 days or more | 269 | 2 | 97 | 2 | 36 (30, 42) | |
Total numbers | 11,459 | 100 | 5898 | 100 | 51 (51, 52) |
Online survey | Postal survey | Online + postal | Telephone interview | Non-respondents | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Sex | ||||||||||
Women | 2643 | 78 | 1436 | 84 | 4079 | 80 | 552 | 70 | 4170 | 75 |
Men | 764 | 22 | 268 | 16 | 1032 | 20 | 235 | 30 | 1391 | 25 |
Age | ||||||||||
18–24 years | 221 | 6 | 106 | 6 | 327 | 6 | 79 | 10 | 568 | 10 |
25–29 years | 890 | 26 | 486 | 29 | 1376 | 27 | 183 | 23 | 1477 | 27 |
30–34 years | 1137 | 33 | 605 | 36 | 1742 | 34 | 261 | 33 | 1832 | 33 |
35–39 years | 1159 | 34 | 507 | 30 | 1666 | 33 | 264 | 34 | 1684 | 30 |
Occupational class | ||||||||||
Managers and professionals | 945 | 28 | 470 | 28 | 1415 | 28 | 191 | 24 | 1172 | 21 |
Semi-professionals | 1153 | 34 | 521 | 31 | 1674 | 33 | 197 | 25 | 1341 | 24 |
Routine non-manuals | 1116 | 33 | 568 | 33 | 1684 | 33 | 298 | 38 | 2325 | 42 |
Manual workers | 193 | 6 | 145 | 9 | 338 | 7 | 101 | 13 | 723 | 13 |
Income | ||||||||||
Highest quartile | 1035 | 30 | 456 | 27 | 1491 | 29 | 199 | 25 | 1176 | 21 |
3rd | 1008 | 30 | 477 | 28 | 1485 | 29 | 183 | 23 | 1269 | 23 |
2nd | 716 | 21 | 393 | 23 | 1109 | 22 | 188 | 24 | 1495 | 27 |
Lowest quartile | 648 | 19 | 378 | 22 | 1026 | 20 | 217 | 28 | 1621 | 29 |
Employment sector | ||||||||||
Social and health care | 1606 | 47 | 685 | 40 | 2291 | 45 | 255 | 32 | 2360 | 42 |
Education | 960 | 28 | 744 | 44 | 1704 | 33 | 331 | 42 | 1929 | 35 |
Other | 841 | 25 | 275 | 16 | 1116 | 22 | 201 | 26 | 1272 | 23 |
Contract type | ||||||||||
Permanent | 938 | 28 | 437 | 26 | 1375 | 27 | 191 | 24 | 1508 | 27 |
Temporary | 2469 | 72 | 1267 | 74 | 3736 | 73 | 596 | 76 | 4053 | 73 |
Job type | ||||||||||
Full time | 3066 | 90 | 1530 | 90 | 4596 | 90 | 683 | 87 | 4879 | 88 |
Part-time | 341 | 10 | 174 | 10 | 515 | 10 | 104 | 13 | 682 | 12 |
Work arrangement | ||||||||||
Day time | 2421 | 71 | 1253 | 74 | 3674 | 72 | 571 | 73 | 3751 | 67 |
Shift work | 978 | 29 | 439 | 26 | 1417 | 28 | 212 | 27 | 1785 | 32 |
Undetermined | 8 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 20 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 25 | 0 |
Years employed by the City of Helsinki* | ||||||||||
less than 1 year | 406 | 12 | 239 | 14 | 645 | 13 | 111 | 14 | 786 | 14 |
1–5 years | 1608 | 47 | 762 | 45 | 2370 | 46 | 367 | 47 | 2483 | 45 |
more than 5 years | 1384 | 41 | 695 | 41 | 2079 | 41 | 299 | 38 | 2249 | 40 |
unknown | 9 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 43 | 1 |
Sickness absence (6 months before the data collection) | ||||||||||
No sick leave spells | 1389 | 41 | 807 | 47 | 2196 | 43 | 381 | 48 | 2482 | 45 |
From 1 to 3 days | 924 | 27 | 421 | 25 | 1345 | 26 | 176 | 22 | 1221 | 22 |
From 4 to 14 days | 849 | 25 | 364 | 21 | 1213 | 24 | 151 | 19 | 1318 | 24 |
15 days or more | 245 | 7 | 112 | 7 | 357 | 7 | 79 | 10 | 540 | 10 |
Sickness absence (during the data collection = 18 Sep–31 Oct 2017) | ||||||||||
No sick leave spells | 2265 | 66 | 1222 | 72 | 3487 | 68 | 559 | 71 | 3847 | 69 |
From 1 to 3 days | 750 | 22 | 311 | 18 | 1061 | 21 | 129 | 16 | 1026 | 18 |
From 4 to 14 days | 355 | 10 | 133 | 8 | 488 | 10 | 77 | 10 | 516 | 9 |
15 days or more | 37 | 1 | 38 | 2 | 75 | 1 | 22 | 3 | 172 | 3 |
Total numbers | 3407 | 100 | 1704 | 100 | 5111 | 100 | 787 | 100 | 5561 | 100 |
Model 1 (bivariate associations) | Model 2 (all sociodemographic variables adjusted for) | Model 3 (Model 2 and sickness absence adjusted for) | |
---|---|---|---|
RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
Sex | |||
Women | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Men | 0.91 (0.87, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.96) |
Age | |||
18–24 years | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
25–29 years | 1.23 (1.13, 1.34) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) |
30–34 years | 1.25 (1.16, 1.36) | 1.09 (1.00, 1.19) | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) |
35–39 years | 1.28 (1.18, 1.39) | 1.11 (1.01, 1.21) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) |
Occupational class | |||
Managers and professionals | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Semi-professionals | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.18) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.18) |
Routine non-manuals | 0.80 (0.76, 0.83) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.10) |
Manual workers | 0.65 (0.60, 0.71) | 0.74 (0.67, 0.83) | 0.74 (0.67, 0.83) |
Income | |||
Highest quartile | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
3rd | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) |
2nd | 0.79 (0.75, 0.83) | 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) | 0.79 (0.73, 0.86) |
Lowest quartile | 0.74 (0.70, 0.78) | 0.75 (0.69, 0.82) | 0.75 (0.69, 0.82) |
Employment sector | |||
Social and health care | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Education | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.97) | 0.92 (0.88, 0.97) |
Other | 0.98 (0.94, 1.03) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) |
Contract type | |||
Permanent | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Temporary | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) |
Job type | |||
Full time | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Part-time | 0.92 (0.86, 0.97) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) |
Work arrangement | |||
Day time | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Shift work | 0.90 (0.86, 0.94) | 0.90 (0.85, 0.95) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.95) |
Undetermined | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | 0.73 (0.54, 0.99) | 0.74 (0.55, 1.01) |
Years employed by the City of Helsinki* | |||
less than 1 year | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
1–5 years | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) |
more than 5 years | 1.05 (0.99, 1.11) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) |
unknown | 0.79 (0.58, 1.06) | 0.84 (0.62, 1.13) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.16) |
Sickness absence (6 months before the data collection) | |||
No sick leave spells | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
From 1 to 3 days | 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | 1.08 (1.04, 1.13) | |
From 4 to 14 days | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | |
15 days or more | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | |
Sickness absence (during the data collection = 18 Sep–31 Oct 2017) | |||
No sick leave spells | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
From 1 to 3 days | 1.05 (1.00, 1.09) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.09) | |
From 4 to 14 days | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.16) | |
15 days or more | 0.70 (0.60, 0.83) | 0.75 (0.64, 0.88) |