Background
Methods
Study design and settings
Study population and sampling
Measurement of variables
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Data management and analysis
Ethical consideration
Results
Descriptive characteristics of mothers of children under age five with ARI symptoms
Variables | Frequency (n = | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Residence | ||
Urban | 4695 | 27.7 |
Rural | 12,230 | 72.3 |
Maternal age | ||
15–24 | 5222 | 30.9 |
25–34 | 8105 | 47.9 |
≥ 35 | 3598 | 21.2 |
Maternal education status | ||
No | 5924 | 35.0 |
Primary | 6836 | 40.4 |
Secondary | 3737 | 22.1 |
Higher | 428 | 2.5 |
Household wealth status | ||
Poorest | 4224 | 25.0 |
Poorer | 3798 | 22.4 |
Middle | 3347 | 19.8 |
Richer | 3100 | 18.3 |
Richest | 2456 | 14.5 |
Media exposure | ||
No | 5718 | 33.8 |
Yes | 11,207 | 66.2 |
Sex of child | ||
Male | 8811 | 52.1 |
Female | 8114 | 47.9 |
Birth size | ||
Average | 6611 | 39.1 |
Small | 4145 | 24.5 |
Large | 6169 | 36.4 |
Place of delivery | ||
Home | 5969 | 35.3 |
Health facility | 10,956 | 64.7 |
Had ANC visit | ||
No | 1180 | 7.0 |
Yes | 15,745 | 93.0 |
Distance to a health facility | ||
Not a big problem | 10,166 | 60.1 |
A big problem | 6759 | 39.9 |
Maternal working status | ||
Not working | 5567 | 34.6 |
Working | 10,517 | 65.4 |
Stunting | ||
Normal | 6642 | 39.2 |
Moderate | 1899 | 11.2 |
Severe | 6169 | 36.5 |
Wasting | ||
Normal | 9018 | 53.3 |
Moderate | 555 | 3.3 |
Severe | 7352 | 43.4 |
Underweight | ||
Normal | 7992 | 47.2 |
Moderate | 1216 | 7.2 |
Severe | 7717 | 45.6 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 1034 | 6.1 |
Married | 14,662 | 86.6 |
Widowed | 220 | 1.3 |
Divorced | 1010 | 6.0 |
Husband’s education status (n = 14,816) | ||
No | 4475 | 31.6 |
Primary | 4852 | 34.2 |
Secondary | 4098 | 28.9 |
Higher | 761 | 5.4 |
sub-Saharan Africa region | ||
East Africa | 7179 | 42.4 |
Central Africa | 4245 | 25.1 |
Southern Africa | 714 | 4.2 |
West Africa | 4787 | 28.3 |
Community media exposure | ||
Low | 9113 | 53.8 |
High | 7812 | 46.7 |
Community maternal education | ||
Low | 13,931 | 82.3 |
High | 2994 | 17.7 |
Community poverty | ||
Low | 9404 | 55.6 |
High | 7521 | 44.4 |
Prevalence of mothers’ healthcare-seeking behavior for symptoms of ARIs among children under age five in SSA
Variables | Did not seek medical care | Sought medical care | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Residence | |||
Urban | 1322 (28.15) | 3374 (71.85) | 0.00001 |
Rural | 4612 (37.71) | 7618 (62.29) | |
Maternal age | |||
15–24 | 1755 (33.61) | 3466 (66.39) | 0.018 |
25–34 | 2901 (35.79) | 5204 (64.21) | |
≥ 35 | 1278 (35.51) | 2321 (64.49) | |
Maternal education status | |||
No | 2591 (43.74) | 3333 (56.26) | 0.00001 |
Primary | 2284 (33.41) | 4552 (66.59) | |
Secondary | 967 (25.87) | 2770 (74.13) | |
Higher | 91 (21.33) | 337 (78.67) | |
Household wealth status | |||
Poorest | 1739 (41.18) | 2484 (58.82) | 0.00001 |
Poorer | 1387 (36.52) | 2411 (63.48) | |
Middle | 1202 (35.91) | 2145 (64.09) | |
Richer | 1011 (32.60) | 2089 (67.40) | |
Richest | 595 (24.21) | 1861 (75.79) | |
Media exposure | |||
No | 2576 (45.05) | 3142 (54.95) | 0.0001 |
Yes | 3358 (29.96) | 7849 (70.04) | |
Sex of child | |||
Male | 3010 (34.16) | 5801 (65.84) | 0.144 |
Female | 2924 (36.03) | 5190 (63.97) | |
Birth size | |||
Average | 2215 (33.49) | 4397 (66.51) | 0.238 |
Small | 1526 (36.81) | 2619 (63.19) | |
Large | 2194 (35.56) | 3975 (64.44) | |
Place of delivery | |||
Home | 2649 (44.37) | 3320 (55.63) | 0.0001 |
Health facility | 3285 (29.98) | 7671 (70.02) | |
Had ANC visit | |||
No | 680 (57.64) | 500 (42.36) | 0.0001 |
Yes | 5253 (33.37) | 10,492 (66.63) | |
Distance to a health facility | |||
Not a big problem | 3310 (32.56) | 6857 (67.44) | 0.0001 |
A big problem | 2623 (38.82) | 4135 (61.18) | |
Maternal working status | |||
Not working | 2479 (38.69) | 3929 (61.31) | 0.0001 |
Working | 3454 (32.85) | 7063 (67.15) | |
Stunting | |||
Normal | 2383 (35.87) | 4259 (64.13) | 0.044 |
Moderate | 719 (37.88) | 1180 (62.12) | |
Severe | 2831 (33.77) | 5553 (66.23) | |
Wasting | |||
Normal | 3283 (36.40) | 5735 (63.60) | 0.001 |
Moderate | 222 (40.08) | 333 (59.92) | |
Severe | 2429 (33.03) | 4924 (66.97) | |
Underweight | |||
Normal | 2833 (35.45) | 5159 (64.55) | 0.0001 |
Moderate | 500 (41.13) | 716 (58.87) | |
Severe | 2600 (33.69) | 5117 (66.31) | |
Marital status | |||
Single | 291 (28.13) | 743 (71.87) | 0.0001 |
Married | 5241 (35.75) | 9421 (64.25) | |
Widowed | 73 (33.51) | 146 (66.49) | |
Divorced | 328 (32.51) | 682 (67.49) | |
Husband’s education status (n = 14,816) | |||
No | 1934 (43.22) | 2541 (56.78) | 0.0001 |
Primary | 1725 (35.56) | 3126 (64.44) | |
Secondary | 1325 (32.32) | 2774 (67.68) | |
Higher | 161 (21.20) | 600 (78.80) | |
sub-Saharan Africa region | |||
East Africa | 2368 (32.99) | 4811 (67.01) | 0.0001 |
Central Africa | 1799 (42.38) | 2446 (57.62) | |
West Africa | 1575 (32.89) | 3212 (67.11) | |
Southern Africa | 192 (26.85) | 522 (73.15) | |
Community media exposure | |||
Low | 3546 (38.91) | 5567 (61.09) | 0.0001 |
High | 2388 (30.57) | 5424 (69.43) | |
Community maternal education | |||
Low | 5060 (36.32) | 8871 (63.68) | 0.0001 |
High | 874 (29.19) | 2120 (70.81) | |
Community poverty | |||
Low | 3176 (33.78) | 6228 (66.22) | 0.013 |
High | 2757 (36.66) | 4764 (63.34) |
Associated factors of mother's healthcare-seeking behavior for symptoms of acute respiratory infection in under-five children in SSA
Variables | Null model | Model I (Individual-level variables) | Model II (Community level characteristics) | Model III (Both individual and community level variables) |
---|---|---|---|---|
PR with 95% CI | PR with 95% CI | PR with 95% CI | ||
Maternal age (in years) | ||||
15–24 | 1 | 1 | ||
25–34 | 0.97 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.95, 1.00) | ||
≥ 35 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) | ||
Maternal education status | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Primary | 1.09 (1.06, 1.13) | 1.11 (1.08, 1.15)** | ||
Secondary | 1.10 (1.06, 1.14) | 1.13 (1.09, 1.18)** | ||
Higher | 1.17 (1.10,1.25) | 1.19 (1.11, 1.27)** | ||
Household wealth status | ||||
Poorest | 1 | 1 | ||
Poorer | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | ||
Middle | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | ||
Richer | 1.02 (0.98, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | ||
Richest | 1.09 (1.04, 1.13) | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12)* | ||
Media exposure | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.16 (1.12, 1.19) | 1.11 (1.08, 1.15)** | ||
Maternal working status | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.07 (1.04, 1.10) | 1.08 (1.06, 1.11)* | ||
Had ANC visit | ||||
No | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 1.30 (1.21, 1.40) | 1.25 (1.17, 1.35)* | ||
Place of delivery | ||||
Home | 1 | 1 | ||
Health facility | 1.10 (1.07, 1.14) | 1.10 (1.07, 1.14)* | ||
Residence | ||||
Urban | 1 | 1 | ||
Rural | 0.90 (0.87, 0.92) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | ||
Sub-Saharan African region | ||||
East Africa | 1 | 1 | ||
Central Africa | 0.83 (0.79, 0.86) | 0.87 (0.84, 0.91)* | ||
Southern Africa | 1.04 (0.99, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | ||
West Africa | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08)* | ||
Distance to the health facility | ||||
Not a big problem | 1 | 1 | ||
Big problem | 0.94 (0.91, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.98)* | ||
Community media exposure | ||||
Low | 1 | 1 | ||
High | 1.07 (1.04, 1.10) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.07)* | ||
Community maternal education | ||||
Low | 1 | 1 | ||
High | 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | ||
Community poverty | ||||
Low | 1 | 1 | ||
High | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | ||
Model comparison | ||||
LLR | -15,669.87 | -15,533.28 | -15,599.73 | -15,503.38 |
Deviance | 31,339.74 | 31,066.56 | 31,199.46 | 31,006,76 |
AIC | 31,341.74 | 31,094.55 | 31,217.46 | 31,050.77 |
BIC | 31,349.47 | 31,202.79 | 31,287.04 | 31,220.85 |