Background
Methods
Bacterial strain
Genome annotation and phylogenetic analysis
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
Pathogenicity in a mouse infection model
Microbiological assessment of infected lung and spleen
Ethical approval and consent
Statistics
Results
Phylogenetic analysis
Microbiological characteristics of Paenibacillus sp. strain VT 400
Genes encoding virulence factors and in vivo pathogenicity
CDS no. | Functional annotation | CDS no. | Functional annotation |
---|---|---|---|
Toxins or putative toxins
| |||
WP_017689222.1 | Hemolysin D | WP_047842244.1 | CD4+ T-cell-stimulating antigen |
Degradative enzymes and adhesins
| |||
WP_047843127.1 | Cell adhesion protein | WP_047843815.1 | Peptidase M28 |
WP_047841133.1 | Clp protease ClpX
| WP_047844415.1 | Peptidase M15 |
WP_047841161.1 | CAAX protease | WP_047840296.1 | Peptidase S9 |
WP_047841788.1 | Zn-dependent protease | WP_047840642.1 | Peptidase S41 |
WP_036605888.1 | Lon protease | WP_047840884.1 | Peptidase T |
WP_047841635.1 | ATP-dependent protease | WP_047841004.1 | Peptidase C60 |
WP_047842474.1 |
Clp protease ATPase | WP_047842822.1 | Peptidase S8 |
WP_047842474.1 | RIP metalloprotease RseP
| WP_047843693.1 | Peptidase M20 |
WP_047843793.1 | Zinc metalloprotease | WP_047841259.1 | Peptidase M4 |
WP_047843449.1 | Alkaline serine protease | WP_047841848.1 | Peptidase C15 |
WP_036611272.1 | O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase | WP_047844159.1 | Peptidase M22 |
WP_047842657.1 | Oligoendopeptidase F | WP_047842036.1 | Peptidase A24 |
WP_047842959.1 | Endoglucanase | WP_047842221.1 | Peptidase M56 |
WP_047841916.1 | Chitinase | WP_047842221.1 | Oligopeptidase PepB
|
WP_047840281.1 | Aminopeptidase | WP_047842554.1 | Peptidase E |
WP_047840267.1 | Methionine aminopeptidase | WP_047843428.1 | Peptidase M32 |
WP_047844227.1 | Lysophospholipase | WP_047843333.1 | Peptidase M29 |
WP_047843070.1 | Phospholipase D | WP_047843711.1 | Peptidase M1 |
WP_047843459.1 | 5′-Nucleotidase | WP_047843711.1 | Peptidase M16 |
WP_047841534.1 | GDSL family lipase | WP_036610857.1 | Urease subunit alpha ureC
|
WP_047842732.1 |
d-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase | WP_047842024.1 | Urease subunit beta ureB
|
Flagella components
| |||
WP_036607291.1 | Flagellar motor protein MotA
| WP_047842476.1 | Flagellar motor switch protein FliG
|
WP_036607292.1 | Flagellar motor protein MotB
| WP_047842475.1 | Flagellar M-ring protein FliF
|
WP_047842487.1 | Flagellar biosynthesis protein FlhA
| WP_047840678.1 | Flagellar synthesis anti-sigma-D factor |
WP_047842482.1 | Flagellar basal body rod protein FlgG
| WP_047840677.1 | Flagellar biosynthesis protein FlgN
|
WP_047843392.1 | Flagellar basal body P-ring biosynthesis protein FlgA
| WP_047840676.1 | Flagellar hook protein FlgK
|
WP_047842488.1 | Flagellar GTP-binding protein | WP_047840675.1 | Flagellar hook protein FlgL
|
WP_047842486.1 | Flagellar biosynthesis protein FlhB
| WP_047840661.1 | Flagellar biosynthesis protein FliS
|
WP_047842485.1 | Flagellar biosynthesis protein FliQ
| WP_036609359.1 | Flagellar motor switch protein FliM
|
Chemotaxis
| |||
WP_047841047.1 | Chemotaxis protein CheY
| WP_036605799.1 | Chemotaxis protein CheC
|
WP_047842491.1 | Chemotaxis protein CheA
| WP_036606984.1 | Chemotaxis protein CheR
|
WP_025703561.1 | Chemotaxis protein CheW
| WP_017689162.1 | Chemotaxis protein CheD
|
Dose (log10 CFU/mouse) | Log10 CFU/g tissue, mean ± SD | |
---|---|---|
Lung | Spleen | |
Control | 0 | 0 |
7.5 | 0.58 ± 0.28 | 0.14 ± 0.25 |
8.5 | 1.13 ± 0.55 | 0.25 ± 0.18 |
9.5 | 3.05 ± 0.74 | 1.20 ± 0.34 |
CDS no. | Functional annotation |
---|---|
Stage 0 (pre-septation) | |
WP_017691423.1 | Sporulation protein J |
WP_047842196.1 | Sporulation protein M |
Stage II (post-septation) | |
WP_047843799.1 | Stage II sporulation protein P |
WP_047840704.1 | Stage II sporulation protein R |
WP_017687629.1 | Stage II sporulation protein M |
Stage III (engulfment) | |
WP_024632710.1 | Stage III sporulation protein D |
WP_036674989.1 | Stage III sporulation protein AA |
WP_036614389.1 | Stage III sporulation protein AB |
WP_036614387.1 | Stage III sporulation protein AE |
WP_017687241.1 | Sporulation protein YqfC |
Stage IV (cortex) | |
WP_036607700.1 | Stage IV sporulation protein A |
Stage V (spore coat) | |
WP_047844446.1 | Stage V sporulation protein AC |
WP_047843814.1 | Stage V sporulation protein AEB |
WP_047843753.1 | Stage V sporulation protein D |
WP_019424875.1 | Stage V sporulation protein M |
WP_017689559.1 | Stage V sporulation protein S |
WP_036606123.1 | Stage V sporulation protein T |
Other sporulation proteins
| |
WP_036607856.1 | Sporulation sigma factor SigF
|
WP_017687309.1 | Sporulation sigma factor SigG
|
Analysis of drug resistance genes and antimicrobial susceptibility testing
CDS no. | Function | CDS no. | Function |
---|---|---|---|
WP_047841924.1 WP_047840904.1 | Fosmidomycin resistance protein | WP_047844309.1 | Multidrug DMT transporter |
WP_047840644.1 | Vancomycin resistance protein | WP_047844296.1 | Multidrug MFS transporter |
WP_047842579.1 | Tunicamycin resistance protein | WP_047841225.1 | Multidrug ABC transporter ATPase |
WP_047840788.1 | Bleomycin resistance protein | WP_047840722.1 | Multidrug resistance protein SMR |
WP_036607427.1 | Fosfomycin resistance protein FosB
| WP_047840931.1 | Bacteriocin ABC transporter ATPase |
WP_047841800.1 | Tellurium resistance protein TerA
| WP_047844233.1 | Multidrug transporter MatE |
WP_047840921.1 | Tellurium resistance protein TerF
| WP_047844301.1 WP_047843841.1 WP_047843528.1 | Beta-lactamases |
WP_026080972.1 | Macrolide ABC transporter ATP-binding protein | WP_047842226.1 | Metal-dependent hydrolase, beta-lactamase superfamily II |
WP_036615192.1 | Macrolide transporter | WP_047842143.1 | Aminoglycoside phosphotransferase |
WP_047840666.1 | Cephalosporin hydroxylase | WP_036670493.1 | Aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase |
WP_047843966.1 | MFS transporter | WP_047840993.1 | Aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase |
WP_047843373.1 | MFS transporter | KLU58081.1 | Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase |
WP_047843512.1 | MFS transporter | WP_047841635.1 | Tetracycline resistance protein TetA |
WP_047844079.1 | Multidrug ABC transporter permease | WP_036614110.1 |
d-alanine-d-alanine ligase |
WP_047844020.1 | Multidrug ABC transporter ATP-binding protein | WP_047843376.1 | Dihydrofolate reductase |
Antibiotic | Susceptibility |
---|---|
Amoxiclav | S |
Ampicillin | S |
Penicillin | S |
Vancomycin | S |
Cefotaxime | S |
Erythromycin | R |
Chloramphenicol | R |
Azithromycin | R |
Gentamicin | S |
Amikacin | S |
Kanamycin | S |
Clindamycin | S |
Doxycycline | S |
Ciprofloxacin | S |
Neomycin | S |
Tetracycline | S |
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | R |