Background
Methods and materials
Study design and settings
Population
Sample size and sampling procedure
Data collection tools and procedures
Variables and measurements
Data management and analysis
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
Variables | Category | Ferqency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 428 | 52.3 |
Female | 390 | 47.7 | |
Age in years | 25–30 | 371 | 45.4 |
31–35 | 245 | 30.0 | |
36–40 | 116 | 14.2 | |
≥ 41 | 86 | 10.5 | |
Salary (US$) | ≤ 126.60 | 45 | 5.5 |
126.62–188.09 | 247 | 30.2 | |
188.11–262.84 | 440 | 53.8 | |
≥ 262.86 | 86 | 10.5 | |
Educational status | Diploma | 81 | 9.9 |
First Degree | 511 | 62.5 | |
Masters or above | 226 | 27.6 | |
Work experience in years | 1–5 | 225 | 27.5 |
6–10 | 431 | 52.7 | |
11–15 | 82 | 10.0 | |
≥ 16 | 80 | 9.8 | |
Family size | ≤ 3 | 458 | 56.0 |
4–6 | 299 | 36.6 | |
≥ 7 | 61 | 7.5 | |
Position | Case-team coordinator | 444 | 54.3 |
Sub-core process coordinator | 97 | 11.9 | |
Core process coordinator | 210 | 25.7 | |
Others | 67 | 8.2 | |
Institution type | Health center | 571 | 69.8 |
Hospital | 190 | 23.2 | |
Health offices | 57 | 7.0 |
Emotional intelligence, leadership style, substance use, and level of managers
Variables | Category | Frequency | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Leadership style | Democratic | 531 | 64.9 |
Autocratic | 221 | 27.0 | |
Laissez-faire | 66 | 8.1 | |
Emotional intelligence | Low | 244 | 29.8 |
Moderate | 385 | 47.1 | |
High | 189 | 23.1 | |
Substance use | Yes | 267 | 32.6 |
No | 551 | 67.4 | |
Drink alcohol (n = 267) | Yes | 263 | 98.5 |
No | 4 | 1.5 | |
Chew Khat (n = 267) | Yes | 12 | 4.5 |
No | 255 | 95.5 | |
Smoke cigarettes (n = 267) | Yes | 20 | 7.5 |
No | 247 | 92.5 |
Leadership effectiveness
Items | Not at all (1) | Once in a while (2) | Sometimes (3) | Fairley often (4) | Always (5) | Proportion of managers (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low effectiveness (scored < 3) | High effectiveness (scored ≥ 3) | ||||||
Create a vision | |||||||
I study problems in light of past practices to make sure predictability, trengthen the status quo and minimize risk | 14.8 | 24.6 | 37.5 | 12.1 | 11.0 | 39.4 | 60.6 |
I feel comfortable in fast-changing environments; being willing to take risks and to consider new and untested approaches | 15.6 | 26.7 | 36.4 | 12.7 | 8.6 | 42.3 | 57.7 |
I set a clear vision for my sector | 14.4 | 25.4 | 35.7 | 14.3 | 10.1 | 39.9 | 60.1 |
I communicate the mission and vision of the sector with people around me | 14.4 | 28.4 | 27.5 | 16.6 | 13.1 | 42.8 | 57.2 |
Taking a long-range, broad approach to problem-solving and decision making through objective analysis, thinking ahead, and planning | 13.3 | 18.8 | 37.4 | 21.4 | 9.0 | 32.2 | 67.8 |
Develop followership | |||||||
I am strongly persuasive and assertive stance to convince my followers | 16.1 | 20.9 | 35.1 | 18.1 | 9.8 | 37.0 | 63.0 |
I am emotionally expressive and reactive | 16.4 | 17.4 | 40.5 | 21.0 | 4.8 | 33.7 | 66.3 |
I am ready to develop tomorrow’s leaders | 19.3 | 33.7 | 25.2 | 16.5 | 5.3 | 53.0 | 47.0 |
I act in an extroverted, friendly, and informal manner to show a capacity to quickly establish free and easy interpersonal relationships | 15.8 | 28.1 | 24.3 | 20.9 | 10.9 | 43.9 | 56.1 |
I have ethical values & act consistently | 11.1 | 16.6 | 22.7 | 32.3 | 17.2 | 27.8 | 72.2 |
Implement vision | |||||||
I adopt a systematic and organized approach; preferring to work in a precise, methodical manner; developing and utilizing guidelines and procedure | 13.8 | 22.4 | 32.8 | 22.9 | 8.2 | 36.1 | 63.9 |
I work on a day-to-day basis for achieving the sector vision | 10.5 | 21.8 | 29.6 | 27.6 | 10.5 | 32.3 | 67.7 |
I emphasize the production of immediate results by focusing on short-range and practical strategies | 15.5 | 18.9 | 32.0 | 25.7 | 7.8 | 34.5 | 65.5 |
I state clearly what I want and expect from others; clearly, express my thoughts and ideas; maintaining a precise and constant flow of information | 11.9 | 18.6 | 34.6 | 26.0 | 8.9 | 30.5 | 69.5 |
I capacitate others by giving them important activities and sufficient autonomy to exercise their own judgment | 15.9 | 19.8 | 32.3 | 25.8 | 6.2 | 35.7 | 64.3 |
Factors associated with effective healthcare leadership
Variables | Category | Leadership effectiveness | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | Low | |||||
Age in years | 25–30 | 134 | 237 | 1 | 1 | |
31–35 | 118 | 127 | 1.64 (1.18,2.28) | 1.10 (0.67,1.79) | 0.712 | |
36–40 | 68 | 48 | 2.51 (1.64,3.84) | 0.74 (0.37,1.50) | 0.409 | |
≥ 41 | 63 | 23 | 4.85 (2.88,8.17) | 0.64 (0.25,1.66) | 0.361 | |
Education | Diploma | 13 | 68 | 1 | 1 | |
First Degree | 202 | 309 | 3.42 (1.84,6.35) | 2.22 (1.02,4.85) | 0.046 | |
Master’s and above | 168 | 58 | 15.15 (7.80,29.44) | 5.10 (2.07,12.61) | 0.000 | |
Experience in years | 1–5 | 58 | 167 | 1 | 1 | |
6–10 | 200 | 231 | 2.49 (1.75,3.55) | 1.60 (1.03,2.49) | 0.037 | |
11–15 | 60 | 22 | 7.85 (4.43,13.92) | 3.96 (1.77,8.85) | 0.001 | |
≥ 16 | 65 | 15 | 12.48 (6.61,23.57) | 3.44 (1.24,9.55) | 0.018 | |
Salary (US$) | ≤ 126.60 | 16 | 29 | 1 | 1 | |
126.62–188.09 | 73 | 174 | 0.76 (0.39,1.48) | 0.59 (0.24,1.41) | 0.232 | |
188.11–262.84 | 223 | 217 | 1.86 (0.98,3.53) | 0.63 (0.26,1.52) | 0.301 | |
≥ 262.86 | 71 | 15 | 8.58 (3.76,19.60) | 1.64 (0.50,5.36) | 0.411 | |
Family size | ≤ 3 | 172 | 286 | 1 | 1 | |
4–6 | 173 | 126 | 2.28 (1.70,3.07) | 1.12 (0.72,1.77) | 0.613 | |
≥ 7 | 38 | 23 | 2.75 (1.58,4.77) | 0.73 (0.33,1.63) | 0.439 | |
Institution | Health Center | 244 | 327 | 1 | 1 | |
Hospital | 94 | 96 | 1.31 (0.94,1.82) | 0.68 (0.42,1.10) | 0.113 | |
Health Office | 45 | 12 | 5.03 (2.60,9.70) | 1.28 (0.55,2.97) | 0.572 | |
Level of managers | Top | 36 | 5 | 12.17 (4.69,31.58) | 2.09 (0.64,6.80) | 0.602 |
Middle | 173 | 136 | 2.15 (1.60,2.88) | 1.19 (0.72,1.96) | 0.255 | |
Lower | 174 | 294 | 1 | 1 | ||
Leadership Style | Democratic | 335 | 196 | 4.23 (2.41,7.41) | 4.01 (1.98,8.14) | 0.000 |
Autocratic | 29 | 192 | 0.37 (0.19,0.72) | 0.46 (0.21,0.99) | 0.048 | |
laissez-faire | 19 | 47 | 1 | 1 | ||
Emotional intelligence | Lower | 73 | 171 | 1 | 1 | |
Moderate | 165 | 220 | 1.76 (1.25,2.47) | 2.07 (1.35,3.15) | 0.001 | |
High | 145 | 44 | 7.72 (4.99,11.92) | 7.86 (4.56,13.56) | 0.000 |