To investigate the skeletal and dental effects of a hybrid fixed functional appliance (FFA) used with different force magnitudes for class II subdivision 1 treatment.
Methods
Treatment records from 70 patients were evaluated: 35 patients were treated with a FFA with standard activation (SUS group) and 35 with a FFA with an additional force-generating spring (TSUS group). Two control groups were matched from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation (AAOF) Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection for comparison with the two treatment groups to determine skeletal and dental treatment effects. The cephalometric parameters at T0 (before treatment) and T1 (before debonding) were assessed using the Munich standard cephalometric analysis and by the sagittal occlusal analysis (SO) according to Pancherz. Data were analyzed statistically using SPSS.
Results
No statistically significant difference for any cephalometric parameter was observed between the SUS and TSUS groups concerning the measurements at T0 and T1. Both treatment groups exhibited an effective class II therapy mainly due to a significant reduction in SNA, and ANB and an increase in SNB. In contrast to the control group, as the result of treatment a skeletal class I was achieved.
Conclusion
No significant statistical differences were observed between the patient group treated with the FFA with standard activation (SUS) and those treated with an additional spring (TSUS) regarding the cephalometric parameters investigated. Both variants were equally effective in treating class II division 1 malocclusions.
Hinweise
Data availability statement
The datasets used are available from the corresponding author on request.
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Introduction
Class II division 1 malocclusion is defined by a distal molar relationship and an increased overjet [31] and belongs to the most frequent malocclusions with a worldwide prevalence between 15 and 25% [1, 32]. Besides esthetic and functional reasons [36‐38], the increased risk of traumatic dental injury represents a particular indication for early treatment of class II division 1 malocclusions in children [5, 6, 17, 30].
Available treatment approaches are diverse and can be classified according to the type of appliance (removable or fixed), treatment timing (one-step or two-step), or whether extractions or surgical interventions are planned [37]. The treatment approach depends on the severity of the malocclusion, the patient’s age and residual growth potential, compliance, and the experience and individual preference of the clinician.
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Fixed functional appliances belong to the most frequently used appliances for nonsurgical treatment of class II malocclusions [22]. More than 50 different appliances are commercially available [24]. Based on the force system used, fixed functional appliances (FFAs) can be classified into rigid, flexible, and hybrid [33]. Flexible FFAs like the Jasper Jumper [16] are characterized by an intermaxillary spring that allows almost unrestricted mandibular movements. On the other hand, rigid FFAs like the Herbst appliance [28] work on the basis of a telescopic mechanism that forces the mandible into a forward position and, therefore, only allows restricted mandibular movements. Hybrid appliances, like the Sabbagh universal spring [20], combine the telescopic mechanism with an intermaxillary spring.
The treatment effects of FFAs are well studied [41]. Generally, class II correction is achieved by skeletal and dental effects. The skeletal effects result from restricted maxillary growth and remodeling of the mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa [12, 15, 23, 26, 41], whereas the dental effects are caused by maxillary molar distalization, mandibular molar mesialization, and protrusion of lower incisors [13].
However, previous literature is not consistent on the extent and distribution of dental and skeletal effects [23, 41] and the significance of long-term effects of growth modification in comparison to natural growth is still controversial [12, 15]. In particular, the influence of the force magnitude on the dental and skeletal effects has not been clarified to date. Available systematic reviews on the topic concluded that further studies are required to investigate the influence of particular features of the used FFAs including the appliance design and additional elements, such as force-generating springs [21, 41].
Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in treatment effects of a hybrid FFA with and without an additional force-generating spring, based on dental and skeletal cephalometric measurements. The null hypothesis was that FFAs with additional force-generating springs show more dental and skeletal effects than FFAs without.
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Patients and methods
Sample size was calculated based on published data for class II treatment with FFAs [8, 9, 18, 39] using the software G*Power (version 3.1.9.6 for macOS [14]). Effect size was calculated for the parameter ANB (mean H0 = 0, mean H1 = −2.78, SD = 1.61 [39]; Cohen’s d = 1.73) and a two-tailed t‑test was used assuming α = 0.05 for a power of 0.95, resulting in a total sample size of 7. To account for a potentially smaller effect size, a plot was calculated with a small effect size of 0.6, yielding a sample size of 20 patients per group for a power of 0.95. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (ref. No. 21-0113).
Dental and skeletal treatment effects of two different groups treated with a hybrid FFA (SUS2, Sabbagh Universal Spring 2, Dentaurum, Mannheim, Germany) were investigated: (1) patients treated with the standard activation of 2.5 N/side (SUS group); (2) patients treated with an additional spring of 3.0 N/side (TSUS group).
Diagnostic records of the two treatment groups (SUS/TSUS) were retrospectively collected between 2017 and 2020 from a private orthodontic practice (Erlangen, Germany). Data included, age, gender, treatment duration, appliance used, and cephalometric images at two different time points, T0 (before treatment) and T1 (before debonding). Patients between 11 and 15 years of age who had passed the pubertal growth peak (cervical vertebral maturation stage [CVMS] analysis [4], stage III), and who presented with a skeletal class II (according to ANB and Indiv. ANB [27]) were treated with a hybrid FFA and were included in the study. Table 1 summarizes the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 110 patients, 35 patients in each group (SUS/TSUS) were included according to these criteria.
Table 1
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Tab. 1
Ein- und Ausschlusskriterien
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Skeletal class II (ANB > individual ANB + 1°)
Previous orthodontic treatment
Patients between 11 and 15 years of age
Tooth agenesis
Cervical vertebral maturation stage (CVMS) III
Tooth extractions
Completed treatment with class II fixed functional appliance (SUS/TSUS)
Craniofacial anomalies
Complete diagnostic records
Vertical growth pattern
SUS standard activation, TSUS activation with an additional force-generating spring
To compare the dental and skeletal effects of the FFAs, two nontreated control groups (one for the SUS group and one for the TSUS group) were obtained from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation (AAOF) Craniofacial Growth Legacy Collection after matching according to following parameters: (1) matched age at the time of the first cephalometric record (T1) in the respective treatment group (±6 months), (2) same sex, (3) skeletal class II (ANB > individual ANB + 1°), (4) no previous orthodontic treatment, (5) patients without tooth extraction and/or tooth agenesis.
Treatment protocol
All patients received an orthodontic straight-wire appliance (0.018″ slot, MBT prescription) with orthodontic bands on the upper first molars. First, teeth were leveled and aligned until a 0.016″ × 0.022″ stainless steel archwire could be inserted and no crowding or spacing was left. Subsequently, the hybrid FFA was inserted. Doing so, the appliance was attached to the orthodontic bands on the upper first molars and on the lower archwire between the canines and the first premolars on both sides (Fig. 1). Figure-eight ligatures were used in the upper and lower arch to avoid spacing. In addition, cinch-back bends were applied in the lower jaw and a torque of 10° was applied for the upper incisors to control their inclination. Initial activation force was 2.5 N in the SUS group and 5.5 N in the TSUS group, which was controlled by ensuring that the inner telescope did not protrude from the outer telescope in closed mouth position (full activation of the inner force spring). Otherwise a spacer ring was applied to achieve full activation. During the control appointments (every 6 weeks), activation with spacer rings (1.0 mm) was performed to restore full activation until edge-to-edge position of the upper and lower incisors was achieved.
Fig. 1
Hybrid fixed functional appliance (FFA) without (SUS, a) and with (TSUS, b) an additional spring
Abb. 1
Hybride FFA („fixed functional appliance”) ohne (SUS, a) und mit (TSUS, b) Zusatzfeder
×
Cephalometric evaluation
Lateral cephalograms were taken before treatment (T0) and before debonding (T1). The radiographs were individually calibrated and traced by one operator (C.H.). Two cephalometric analyses were performed for each patient: the standard analysis of the orthodontic department of the university hospital and the sagittal occlusion analysis according to Pancherz [29]. Standard analysis was performed digitally using the software FR-Win (Computer Konkret Dental Software, Falkenstein, Germany). For the Pancherz analysis, the digitally calibrated images were printed and manually traced, where the OL/OLp reference grid was transferred from the first to the second radiograph. The operator had been trained and calibrated on an independent sample of lateral cephalograms. Furthermore, for the evaluation of the reliability of the cephalometric measurements performed by the operator, 10 lateral cephalograms were randomly chosen and retraced after a wash-out period of 4 weeks. An averaged contour line was used for structures that showed a double contour in the radiograph. The cephalometric variables used and their definitions are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Definitions of the cephalometric variables investigated
Tab. 2
Definitionen der untersuchten kephalometrischen Variablen
Variable
Meaning
Definition
SNA
SNA (°)
Anteroposterior maxillary position to anterior cranial plane
SNB
SNB (°)
Anteroposterior mandibular position to anterior cranial plane
ANB
ANB (°)
Anteroposterior relation of maxilla and mandible
Ind_ANB
Ind. ANB (°)
Individualized ANB angle according to the formula:
Ind. ANB (°)= 35.16 + 0.4(SNA) + 0.2(SN-MeGo)
WITSmmC
Wits (mm)
Length of distance of the intersection points A’ and B’, which are determined by perpendicular lines through A and B to the occlusal plane
NL_NSL
NL-NSL (°)
Inclination of palatal plane in relation to anterior cranial base
ML_NSL
ML-NSL (°)
Inclination of mandibular plane in relation to anterior cranial base
ML_NL
ML-NL (°)
Divergence of mandibular plane and palatal planes
ArGoMe
ArGoMe (°)
Gonial angle
OK1_NL
OK1-NL-Winkel (°)
Axis of maxillary incisor to palatal plane
OK1_NA
OK1-NA (°)
Axis of maxillary incisor in relation to the NA line
UK1_ML
UK1-ML (°)
Axis of mandibular incisor to mandibular plane
UK1_NB
UK1-NB (°)
Axis of mandibular incisor in relation to the NB line
AA_OlpC
AA_Herbst (mm)
Maxillary length
Pog_OLpmmC
Pog_OLp (mm)
Mandibular length
IsOK_OLpmmC
IsOK_Olp (mm)
Anteroposterior position of the maxillary central incisor to the occlusal plane
IsUK_OLpmmC
IsUK_Olp (mm)
Anteroposterior position of the mandibular central incisor to the occlusal plane
Mp6OK_OLpmmC
Mp6OK_OLp (mm)
Anteroposterior position of the maxillary first molar to the occlusal plane
Mp6UK_OLpmmC
Mp6UK_OLp (mm)
Anteroposterior position of the mandibular first molar to the occlusal plane
Statistical analysis
A descriptive analysis of the different investigated variables was performed. To analyze significant differences over the observed period within each group (T0–T1), a Wilcoxon signed-rank test was carried out. Significant differences between groups were determined by a Mann–Whitney U test. To analyze the treatment effect of the treated groups (TSUS/SUS), the mean values of the variables of the respective control groups were subtracted from the treatment groups. All analyses were performed using SPSS (version 26, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
The patient groups consisted of 22.9% women (77.1% men) in the SUS group and 45.7% women (54.3% men) in the TSUS group. The mean age was 13.7 ± 1.0 years in the SUS group and 13.9 ± 1.0 years in the TSUS group. The observation periods between T0 and T1 were 2.19 years (SUS group), 2.2 years (SUS control group), 2.08 years (TSUS group) and 2.08 years (TSUS control group), respectively.
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Comparison of the absolute values at T0 and T1
Figure 2 summarizes the results at T0 and T1 for both the treatment and control groups. Analysis of the sagittal values showed that treatment with the SUS and TSUS resulted in a significant reduction of SNA, ANB, Indiv. ANB angle, and Wits value as well as a significant increase of the SNB angle when comparing T0 and T1. Comparing the ANB to the Indiv. ANB, all groups exhibited a skeletal class II at the beginning of treatment (T0). After treatment (T1), the SUS and TSUS groups achieved a skeletal class I. Significant differences between the SUS/TSUS and the respective control groups could be observed for the parameters SNA, ANB, Indiv. ANB (and for the WITS value in the SUS group). Both the SUS and TSUS group showed significant differences between T0 and T1 related to the position of the mandibular incisors by means of an increase of the parameters UK1-ML and UK1-NB. The maxillary incisors did not show any significant differences from T0 to T1. The analysis according to Pancherz [29] exhibited a significant mesialization of the lower molars in the SUS and in the TSUS group between T0 and T1. In addition, all groups exhibited an increase in mandibular length. In both treatment groups, the maxillary length remained almost unchanged, whereas the control groups showed an increase in maxillary length.
Fig. 2
Comparison of initial (T0) and final (T1) cephalometric values of patients treated with a fixed functional appliance without (SUS) or with an additional spring (TSUS) and the respective control groups (KG). A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. For abbreviations, see Table 2
Abb. 2
Vergleich der kephalometrischen Anfangs- (T0) und Endwerte (T1) von Patienten, die mit einer festsitzenden Klasse-II-Mechanik ohne (SUS) oder mit einer zusätzlichen Feder (TSUS) behandelt wurden und der jeweiligen Kontrollgruppen (KG). Ein p-Wert von < 0,05 wurde als signifikant angenommen. Abkürzungen s. Tab.2
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Analysis of the changes per year
Active treatment duration with the FFA appliances averaged 5.31 months (SUS group) and 4.37 months (TSUS group). In order to estimate and compare the treatment related changes, all values were calculated on a one-year basis (Fig. 3). Comparing the sagittal parameters of the SUS and TSUS groups to their respective control groups, both groups showed a significant increase of the SNA, ANB, Indiv. ANB, and WITS value. The parameter SNB exhibited no significant differences in either of the two treatment groups (SUS/TSUS). No significant differences were also observed for the vertical values between SUS, TSUS, and the respective control groups. Comparing the dental parameters of the SUS and the TSUS group with their respective control groups, a significant increase of the parameters UK1-ML and UK1-NB was shown in both groups. No significant differences were observed for the upper jaw.
Fig. 3
Comparison of mean differences between initial (T0) and final (T1) cephalometric values of patients, treated with a fixed functional appliance without
(SUS) or with an additional spring (TSUS) and the respective control groups (KG) per year. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. For abbreviations, see Table 2
Abb. 3
Vergleich der mittleren Differenzen zwischen kephalometrischen Anfangs- (T0) und Endwerte (T1) von Patienten, die mit einer festsitzenden Klasse-II-Mechanik ohne (SUS) oder mit einer zusätzlichen Feder (TSUS) behandelt wurden und der jeweiligen Kontrollgruppen (KG) pro Jahr. Ein p-Wert von < 0,05 wurde als signifikant angenommen. Abkürzungen s. Tab.2
×
According to the analysis of Pancherz [29] treatment with the SUS and TSUS appliances resulted in an increased proclination and an anterior position of the mandibular incisors in contrast to their control group. In addition, a significantly greater increase in mandibular length and a significantly smaller increase in maxillary length were observed. In the upper jaw, the SUS/TSUS groups showed a significantly reduced mesialization of the molars in contrast to their control groups. In the lower jaw, on the other hand, an increased mesialization was observed for the SUS and the TSUS group.
Treatment effects
The mean values for the examined changes between T0 and T1 for the SUS and TSUS groups together with their respective control groups are shown in Table 3. In addition, to estimate the treatment effects, the dental and skeletal changes were related to those of the corresponding control groups (Fig. 4). A greater reduction of the parameters SNA, ANB, WITS, and Indiv. ANB was observed in the TSUS group in contrast to the SUS group. Furthermore, the TSUS group exhibited an increased proclination and anteposition of the mandibular anterior teeth. The Pancherz analysis showed a comparable therapy effect for the SUS and TSUS groups except for the changes of the maxillary anterior teeth.
Table 3
Treatment effects in the fixed functional appliance (FFA) treatment without (SUS) and with an additional spring (TSUS). From the mean value of the examined variables between T0 and T1 of the SUS/TSUS group (x), the mean value of the examined variables between T0 and T1 of the respective control groups (x’) was subtracted to estimate the respective treatment effects
Tab. 3
Therapeutischer Effekt der FFA(„fixed functional appliance“)-Behandlung ohne (SUS) und mit zusätzlicher Feder (TSUS). Vom Mittelwert der untersuchten Variablen zwischen T0 und T1 der SUS/TSUS-Gruppe (x) wurde der Mittelwert der untersuchten Variablen zwischen T0 und T1 der jeweiligen Kontrollgruppen (x’) subtrahiert, um die jeweiligen Therapieeffekte zu ermitteln
SUS (x)
SUS control (x’)
x–x’
p-valueb
TSUS (x)
TSUS control (x’)
x–x’
p-valueb
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Sagittala
SNA (°)
35.0
−0.7
1.5
0.8
1.0
−1.4
< 0.001
−1.1
−1.0
1.0
1.1
−2.1
< 0.001
SNB (°)
35.0
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.0
0.3
0.2
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.0
0.3
0.4
ANB (°)
35.0
−2.1
1.0
−0.4
0.9
−1.7
< 0.001
−2.4
1.1
0.0
0.9
−2.3
< 0.001
Wits (mm)
35.0
−3.3
1.9
0.1
1.9
−3.4
< 0.001
−3.8
2.2
0.3
1.4
−4.1
< 0.001
Ind. ANB (°)
35.0
−0.4
0.6
0.1
0.4
−0.5
< 0.001
−0.6
0.5
0.3
0.4
−0.9
< 0.001
Verticala
ML-NL (°)
35.0
−0.7
2.8
−1.2
2.6
0.6
0.5
−1.2
2.3
0.0
2.6
−1.3
0.1
NL-NSL (°)
35.0
−0.3
2.3
−0.1
2.2
−0.2
1.0
−0.1
1.8
−0.8
2.1
0.8
0.1
ML-NSL (°)
35.0
−0.9
1.6
−1.2
1.7
0.3
0.8
−1.3
2.0
−0.7
1.9
−0.6
0.2
Occ-NSL (°)
35.0
1.1
3.2
−1.4
3.2
2.4
0.01
1.1
3.0
−0.8
2.3
1.9
0.0
Dentala
OK1-NSL (°)
35.0
−0.8
10.3
0.8
3.8
−1.6
0.1
0.3
11.8
0.7
3.9
−0.4
0.4
UK1-ML (°)
35.0
4.3
5.7
0.4
3.5
3.9
0.01
5.4
7.3
−0.1
2.7
5.5
0.01
OK1-NA (mm)
35.0
2.4
2.2
0.4
1.4
2.1
1.0
0.7
0.7
−0.2
1.6
0.9
0.3
OK1-NA (°)
35.0
−0.2
10.4
0.2
3.8
−0.4
0.5
1.1
11.8
−0.2
4.0
1.3
0.7
UK1-NB (mm)
35.0
0.9
1.9
0.2
1.0
0.8
0.1
0.4
2.2
0.1
1.1
0.3
0.3
UK1-NB (°)
35.0
4.9
5.1
0.2
3.7
4.7
0.01
5.6
6.9
0.2
2.9
5.4
< 0.001
OK1-NL-Winkel (°)
35.0
−1.1
10.5
0.7
4.2
−1.8
0.2
0.3
11.6
−0.2
3.6
0.5
0.4
Occlusal (Pancherz)a
IsOK_Olp (mm)
35.0
−0.1
2.7
1.7
1.6
−1.8
0.3
0.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
−1
0.5
IsUK_Olp (mm)
35.0
3.4
2.4
1.9
2.0
+1.5
0.07
3.7
1.9
1.9
1.3
1.8
0.5
Pog_OLp (mm)
35.0
3.2
2.6
1.8
1.9
1.4
0.1
3.0
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.6
0.1
Mp6OK_OLp (mm)
35.0
0.6
2.9
1.9
1.9
−1.3
0.5
0.4
2.0
2.0
1.7
−1.6
0.1
Mp6UK_OLp (mm)
35.0
4.1
2.9
2.3
2.1
1.8
0.6
3.6
2.1
2.1
1.9
1.4
0.4
AA_Herbst (mm)
35.0
0.8
2.1
1.5
1.6
−0.7
0.3
0.9
1.7
1.7
1.2
−0.9
0.06
aFor abbreviations and definitions of the variables, see Table 2
bA p-value of < 0.05 was considered as significant
Fig. 4
Mechanism of overjet and molar correction treated with a fixed functional appliance (FFA) without (SUS) and with an additional spring (TSUS) and their respective control groups (SUS-CG/TSUS-CG) between T0 and T1. CG control group
Abb. 4
Mechanismus von Overjet- und Molaren-Korrektur bei FFA(„fixed functional appliance“)-Behandlung ohne (SUS) und mit zusätzlicher Feder (TSUS) und ihren jeweiligen Kontrollgruppen (SUS-CG/TSUS-CG) zwischen T0 und T1. CG Kontrollgruppe
×
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Discussion
The aim of this retrospective cephalometric study was to analyze the influence of additional force-generating springs on dental and skeletal effects in patients treated with a hybrid FFA.
No statistically significant differences could be observed between the SUS and TSUS groups for any of the cephalometric parameters investigated. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected, although the estimated treatment effect (Table 3) implied a trend toward increased skeletal and dental effects in the TSUS group.
Post hoc power analysis indicated that a sample size of 200 patients per group would have been required to possibly end up with statistically significant results for the small differences between the SUS and the TSUS group for the variable ANB. Therefore, the differences between the two treatment groups were smaller than the estimated effect based on the studies used to determine sample size [8, 9, 18, 39].
Furthermore, the force differences between the investigated appliances might have been overestimated. Hybrid FFAs use intermaxillary force springs in addition to a telescoping mechanism and spacer rings for progressive mandibular advancement and iterative activity instead of single-step advancement (bite-jumping) [3]. Forces produced by hybrid FFAs force springs usually vary from 1.5 to 2.6 N [24]. In cases with a delayed response to treatment or in cases with little or no residual growth, the use of a larger force has been proposed [7]. In this study, the forces generated by the used springs were 2.5 N (SUS) and 5.5 N (TSUS), respectively. However, this calculation does not take into account the forces acting between the upper and lower arch resulting from the rigid telescoping mechanism. These forces depend on the distance between the maxillary and mandibular attachment, the length of the FFA used, and the application of spacer rings. Although the applied force of the spring in the TSUS group was more than twice than in the SUS group, the resulting effective difference in total force may actually be significantly less.
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The mean active treatment duration with the FFAs was short, 5.31 months for the SUS group and 4.37 months for the TSUS group, but other studies on hybrid FFA reported comparable durations (4.53 months [2], 5–7 months [20] and 5 months [25]).
Nevertheless, both treatment groups (SUS and TSUS) exhibited an effective correction of the class II malocclusion, illustrated by a significant reduction of the parameters SNA, and ANB and an increase of the SNB. Thus, a skeletal class I relationship could be achieved in both treatment groups in contrast to the control groups. These findings are in line with the existing literature [10, 18, 20, 25, 40, 41]. Vertical skeletal changes caused by the FFA therapy could not be observed, indicating a good vertical control of the mandibular plane and the occlusal plane, which are also in line with the literature [2, 34, 39, 41]. Dental parameter changes included mainly a protrusion of the lower incisors with a mean increase in UK1-ML of 4.34° (SUS) and 5.38° (TSUS), which is in the range of previous studies [2, 11, 20, 25].
The Pancherz analysis also showed a similar extent and distribution of skeletal and dental effects for the SUS and TSUS groups. The values for molar and overbite corrections were lower than those in some previous studies in which cephalometric radiographs were obtained immediately after appliance removal. However, they are consistent with studies in which immediate posttreatment relapse was accounted for [19, 35], since in this study the cephalometric radiographs were obtained at a later time, before debonding.
Limitations
Two-dimensional cephalometric analysis is subject to projection errors, distortions, overlay of relevant structures and inaccuracies in reference point identification [23]. However, it has been shown that the results of two-dimensional cephalometric studies are in good agreement with recent 3D morphometric studies regarding class II therapy with FFAs [13]. Due to the retrospective design of this study, the treatment groups (SUS/TSUS) could not be randomized. In addition, the control groups were not from the same patient population as the treatment groups. Finally, despite all efforts to establish a homogeneous study population and suitable control groups, physiological and anatomical differences between the examined groups cannot be excluded. Although gender, growth pattern, and skeletal characteristics were considered for the treatment and control groups, other factors not taken into account could have had an influence on the results.
Conclusions
No significant statistical differences regarding the cephalometric parameters investigated could be observed between class II treatment with a fixed functional appliance with standard activation (SUS) and with a fixed functional appliance with an additional spring (TSUS). Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected. The application of a higher force magnitude using an additional force-generating spring did not change the amount and distribution of dental and skeletal treatment effects. Both variants were equally effective in treating class II division 1 malocclusions.
Funding
None.
Declarations
Conflict of interest
A. Sabbagh is a codeveloper of the SUS2 appliance. H. Sabbagh, M.J. Rankovic, C. Huber, A. Wichelhaus and L. Hoffmann declare that they have no competing interests.
Ethical standards
All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the ethics committee. The study design was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of Ludwig Maximilian University Munich (Reference No.: 21-0113).
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