Introduction
Material and method
Study participants
Sociodemographic Data
Allostatic load
Variables | Means ± SD | Threshold criteria for AL biomarkers | |
---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | ||
Cardiovascular | |||
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.08 ± 0.69 | ≥6.10 | ≥6.20 |
High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.44 ± 0.27 | ≤1.22 | ≤1.45 |
Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 2.08 ± 0.50 | >2.76 | >2.82 |
Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.89 ± 0.44 | >2.16 | >1.67 |
Systolic pressure (mm Hg) | 115.13 ± 12.89 | >140 | >140 |
Diastolic pressure (mm Hg) | 70.93 ± 9.08 | >90 | >90 |
Metabolic | |||
Waist circumference (cm) | 71.05 ± 7.80 | >83.0 | >76.1 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.71 ± 2.57 | >23.8 | >23.9 |
Insulin (uIU/mL) | 5.46 ± 4.56 | >20 | >20 |
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.55 ± 0.41 | >5.8 | >5.5 |
Immune | |||
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 1.12 ± 2.02 | ≥8 | ≥8 |
Total AL score | 1.59 ± 1.16 |
Physical activity
Outdoor time
Covariates
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of participants
Variables | AL level | χ2 | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n=382) | High (n=347) | |||
Gender | 14.21 | <0.001 | ||
Males | 148 (62.4) | 89 (37.6) | ||
Females | 234 (47.6) | 258 (52.4) | ||
Registered residence | 0.41 | 0.524 | ||
Rural | 209 (51.4) | 198 (48.6) | ||
Urban | 173 (53.7) | 149 (46.3) | ||
Only child | 0.18 | 0.670 | ||
Yes | 96 (51.1) | 92 (48.9) | ||
No | 286 (52.9) | 255 (47.1) | ||
Paternal education | 0.24 | 0.622 | ||
<12 years | 338 (52.1) | 311 (47.9) | ||
≥12 years | 44 (55.0) | 36 (45.0) | ||
Maternal education | 0.40 | 0.526 | ||
<12 years | 358 (52.1) | 329 (47.9) | ||
≥12 years | 24 (57.1) | 18 (42.9) | ||
Household economic status | 8.77 | 0.012 | ||
High | 12 (30.0) | 28 (70.0) | ||
Moderate | 289 (54.2) | 244 (45.8) | ||
Low | 81 (51.9) | 75 (48.1) | ||
Cigarette use | 18.83 | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 39 (83.0) | 8 (17.0) | ||
No | 343 (50.3) | 339 (49.7) | ||
Alcohol use | 3.82 | 0.051 | ||
Yes | 92 (59.4) | 63 (40.6) | ||
No | 290 (50.5) | 284 (49.5) | ||
Quality of sleep | 0.027 | 0.871 | ||
High | 334 (52.5) | 302 (47.5) | ||
Low | 48 (51.6) | 45 (48.4) |
The Distribution Characteristics of PA and Outdoor Time
Variables | AL level | χ2 | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Low (n=382) | High (n=347) | |||
Total outdoor time | 20.13 | <0.001 | ||
High | 138 (65.4) | 73 (34.6) | ||
Low | 244 (47.1) | 274 (52.9) | ||
Free day outdoor time | 9.26 | 0.002 | ||
High | 122 (61.6) | 76 (38.4) | ||
Low | 260 (49.0) | 271 (51.0) | ||
Work day outdoor time | 29.20 | <0.001 | ||
High | 114 (71.3) | 46 (28.8) | ||
Low | 268 (47.1) | 301 (52.9) | ||
PA | 7.18 | 0.007 | ||
Moderate and above | 333 (54.6) | 277 (45.4) | ||
Low | 49 (41.2) | 70 (58.8) |
Associations of PA, outdoor time and AL
Variables | Crude MODEL | Adjusted MODEL a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | P value | OR (95%CI) | P value | |
Total outdoor time | ||||
High | 1 | 1 | ||
Low | 2.12 (1.52~3.00) | <0.001 | 1.90 (1.35~2.67) | 0.001 |
Free day outdoor time | ||||
High | 1 | 1 | ||
Low | 1.67 (1.20~2.34) | 0.002 | 1.51 (1.07~2.12) | 0.019 |
Work day outdoor time | ||||
High | 1 | 1 | ||
Low | 2.78 (1.90~4.07) | <0.001 | 2.41 (1.63~3.58) | <0.001 |
PA | ||||
Moderate and above | 1 | 1 | ||
Low | 1.72 (1.15~2.56) | 0.008 | 1.83 (1.20~2.78) | 0.005 |
Interactions of PA, and outdoor time with AL
Outdoor time×PA | Crude MODEL | Adjusted MODEL a | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | OR (95%CI) | P value | B | OR (95%CI) | P value | |
High×Moderate and above | 1 | 1 | ||||
High×Low | 0.93 | 2.54 (1.00~6.46) | 0.050 | 1.10 | 3.01 (1.14~7.99) | 0.027 |
Low×Moderate and above | 0.79 | 2.19 (1.53~3.14) | <0.001 | 0.67 | 1.96 (1.14~2.84) | 0.001 |
Low×Low | 1.12 | 3.07 (1.86~5.07) | <0.001 | 1.07 | 2.93 (1.73~4.94) | <0.001 |