The accuracy of the refractive power of the intraocular lens (IOL) implant depends on the exactness of the IOL power calculation formula. |
There is no consensus in the literature regarding the choice of formula. |
A review of the current literature will help cataract surgeons to choose the appropriate IOL power calculation formula before phacoemulsification. |
The Barrett Universal II among vergence formulas and the Kane and PEARL-DGS among artificial intelligence-based formulas are currently most often reported as the most precise. |
The accuracy of IOL formulas depends on the axial length and corneal curvature. |
Introduction
Generation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
First | Second | Third | Fourth | Newer formulas |
Fyodorov Binkhorst SRK | SRK II Binkhorst II | Hoffer Q Holladay 1 SRK/T | Haigis Olsen Holladay 2 Barrett Universal II | Hill-RBF 3.0 Kane PEARL-DGS EVO |
Data-driven | Optical approach | Hybrid | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple regression | Artificial intelligence | Simple thin lens vergence | Interactive thick lens vergence | Ray tracing | Combination |
SRK SRK II Masket | Hill-RBF 2.0 Karmona Hill-RBF 3.0 | Binkhorst Holladay 1 Hoffer Q SRK/T Holladay 2 Haigis T2 Castrop K6 Panacea | Barrett EVO Næser 2 VRF | Olsen Okulix O VRF-G | Kane FullMonte Ladas PEARL-DGS Hoffer QST |
Only historical data | Combination of historical and current corneal data | No historical data |
---|---|---|
Feinz–Mannis Corneal bypass | Barrett True-K Masket | R-Factor Wang–Koch–Maloney Shammas Haigis-L Potvin–Hill pentacam Barrett True-K No History Optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based PhacoOptics Advanced lens measurement approach |
Methods
Results
Study | Hoffer Q | SRK/T | Haigis | Olsen | Barrett | Kane | PEARL-DGS | Hill-RBF | EVO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melles 2017 (13,301 eyes) [31] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.31 | ||||
±0.5 D [%] | 73.0 | 74.0 | 77.1 | 78.7 | 80.8 | ||||
±1.0 D [%] | 96.2 | 96.5 | 97.3 | 97.4 | 97.8 | ||||
Kane 2017 (3122 eyes) [28] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.42 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.38 | 0.41 | ||||
±0.5 D [%] | 67.9 | 70.4 | 69.2 | 72.8 | 69.6 | ||||
±1.0 D [%] | 93.5 | 94.4 | 93.6 | 94.8 | 94.3 | ||||
Connell 2019 (864 eyes) [42] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.35 | ||
±0.5 D [%] | 73.6 | 72.1 | 75.5 | 77.2 | 75.2 | 77.9 | 75.3 | ||
±1.0 D [%] | 95.5 | 95.9 | 96.1 | 96.1 | 96.4 | 96.6 | 96.4 | ||
Cooke 2019 (1442 eyes) [51] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.29 | ||||
±0.5 D [%] | 78.5 | 76.2 | 81.2 | 82.4 | 83.7 | ||||
±1.0 D [%] | 97.6 | 98.1 | 99.0 | 99.1 | 99.2 | ||||
Darcy 2020 (10,930 eyes) [20] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.39 | ||
±0.5 D [%] | 68.1 | 69.1 | 69.0 | 70.6 | 71.0 | 72.0 | 71.2 | ||
±1.0 D [%] | 94.0 | 93.9 | 94.3 | 94.9 | 94.7 | 95.2 | 94.9 | ||
Rocha-de-Lossada 2020 (171 eyes) [18] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.27 |
±0.5 D [%] | 83.6 | 80.7 | 81.9 | 86.6 | 86.6 | 84.8 | 86.0 | 85.4 | 86.0 |
±1.0 D [%] | 98.8 | 98.8 | 98.3 | 99.4 | 99.4 | 100 | 100 | 98.8 | 100 |
Savini 2020 (200 eyes) [36] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.28 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 84.0 | 86.0 | 82.0 | 85.5 | 86.5 | 84.5 | 85.0 | 83.5 | |
±1.0 D [%] | 99.5 | 97.9 | 98.5 | 99.0 | 99.0 | 98.3 | 99.5 | 99.0 | |
Hipólito-Fernandes 2020 (695 eyes) [58] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.28 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 78.6 | 77.9 | 76.6 | 79.6 | 81.6 | 79.9 | 77.9 | 80.6 | |
±1.0 D [%] | 97.0 | 97.3 | 94.6 | 97.0 | 97.3 | 97.3 | 97.0 | 97.3 | |
Carmona-González 2020 (481 eyes) [19] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.31 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 66.3 | 78.0 | 82.7 | 79.8 | 85.0 | 80.0 | 76.1 | 80.9 | |
±1.0 D [%] | 95.0 | 95.8 | 97.9 | 98.3 | 98.1 | 98.1 | 97.5 | 98.3 | |
Cheng 2020 (410 eyes) [56] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
±0.5 D [%] | 63.0 | 66.4 | 68.8 | 76.5 | 75.6 | 76.9 | 74.4 | 73.4 | 75.2 |
±1.0 D [%] | 90.5 | 93.4 | 93.2 | 95.7 | 96.2 | 95.7 | 95.7 | 95.1 | 95.3 |
Pereira 2021 (764 eyes) [15] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.34 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 72.5 | 72.6 | 71.9 | 67.4 | 77.4 | 77.7 | 74.7 | 76.6 | |
±1.0 D [%] | 96.2 | 94.9 | 95.9 | 91.7 | 95.8 | 96.6 | 95.5 | 95.9 | |
Hipólito-Fernandes 2021 (828 eyes) [45] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.33 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 69.9 | 75.1 | 74.5 | 77.8 | 79.3 | 76.9 | 76.7 | 78.5 | |
±1.0 D [%] | 95.7 | 97.2 | 95.4 | 97.2 | 97.7 | 97.2 | 97.6 | 97.6 | |
Debellemanière 2021 (4242 eyes) [40] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 78.0 | 79.5 | 81.7 | 86.6 | 84.9 | 87.4 | 86.4 | ||
±1.0 D [%] | 96.4 | 96.4 | 97.0 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 98.2 | 98.2 | ||
Shammas 2022 (595 eyes) [24] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.30 |
±0.5 D [%] | 74.8 | 75.0 | 77.4 | 80.5 | 80.5 | 80.3 | 81.7 | 81.5 | 81.5 |
±1.0 D [%] | 99.3 | 99.6 | 99.8 | 99.5 | 99.5 | 99.7 | 99.8 | 99.5 | 100 |
The Third- and Fourth-Generation Formulas
The Newer Formulas
The FullMonte Method
The Olsen Formula
The T2 Formula
The Barrett Universal II Formula
The Ladas Super Formula
The Hill Radial Basis Function (RBF) Formula
The PEARL-DGS Formula
The Kane Formula
The Panacea Formula
The K6 Formula
The Voytsekhivskyy Regression Function (VRF) Formula
The Næser 2 Formula
The Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO) Formula
The Voytsekhivskyy Regression Function-Gender (VRF-G) Formula
The Karmona Formula
The Hoffer QST Formula
The Castrop Formula
The Okulix Formula
Subgroup Analysis
Study | Hoffer Q | SRK/T | Haigis | Olsen | Barrett | Kane | Pearl-DGS | Hill-RBF | EVO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gökce 2017 (86 eyes) [48] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.40 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.42 | ||||
±0.5 D [%] | 67.4 | 62.8 | 65.1 | 68.6 | 66.4 | ||||
±1.0 D [%] | 97.7 | 91.9 | 94.2 | 95.3 | 95.6 | ||||
Kane 2017 (137 eyes) [28] | |||||||||
MAE | > 0.42 | > 0.42 | > 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.41 | ||||
±0.5 D [%] | < 66.4 | < 66.4 | < 66.4 | 63.5 | 69.6 | ||||
±1.0 D [%] | < 95.6 | < 95.6 | < 95.6 | 94.9 | 94.3 | ||||
Doshi 2017 (40 eyes) [60] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.59 | 0.54 | 1.36 | ||||||
±0.5 D [%] | 42.5 | 55.0 | 17.5 | ||||||
±1.0 D [%] | 90.0 | 82.5 | 35.0 | ||||||
Connell 2019 (864 eyes) [42] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.44 | ||
±0.5 D [%] | |||||||||
±1.0 D [%] | |||||||||
Cooke 2019 (54 eyes) [51] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.33 | ||||
±0.5 D [%] | 79.6 | 74.1 | 75.9 | 75.9 | 81.5 | ||||
±1.0 D [%] | 92.6 | 94.4 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 96.3 | ||||
Moschos 2020 (69 eyes) [61] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.72 | 0.97 | 0.43 | ||||||
±0.5 D [%] | 60.0 | 19.0 | 72.0 | ||||||
±1.0 D [%] | 85.0 | 68.0 | 93.0 | ||||||
Kane 2020 (182 eyes) [1] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.82 | 0.53 | 0.71 | 0.56 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 36.0 | 42.5 | 55.0 | 52.5 | 37.0 | 59.0 | 43.5 | 58.0 | |
±1.0 D [%] | 66.0 | 74.0 | 82.0 | 81.0 | 70.0 | 87.0 | 76.0 | 88.0 | |
Darcy 2020 (766 eyes) [20] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.47 | ||
±0.5 D [%] | |||||||||
±1.0 D [%] | |||||||||
Rocha-de-Lossada 2020 (42 eyes) [18] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 0.24 |
±0.5 D [%] | 73.8 | 78.6 | 78.6 | 90.7 | 81.0 | 90.7 | 86.0 | 83.7 | 88.4 |
±1.0 D [%] | 97.6 | 100 | 97.6 | 97.7 | 97.6 | 100 | 100 | 97.7 | 97.7 |
Carmona-González 2020 (57 eyes) [19] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.53 | 0.55 | 0.39 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.39 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 61.4 | 59.7 | 72.9 | 59.7 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 60.0 | 73.7 | |
±1.0 D [%] | 86.0 | 87.8 | 91.2 | 89.5 | 89.5 | 91.2 | 92.3 | 91.2 | |
Debellemanière 2021 (344 eyes) [40] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.40 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.47 | |
±0.5 D [%] | |||||||||
±1.0 D [%] | |||||||||
Voytsekhivskyy 2021 (241 eyes) [21] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.40 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.41 |
±0.5 D [%] | 68.1 | 62.2 | 66.8 | 71.0 | 65.6 | 72.2 | 68.5 | 67.7 | 70.1 |
±1.0 D [%] | 94.2 | 89.2 | 93.0 | 95.0 | 91.3 | 95.4 | 93.8 | 93.0 | 95.0 |
Pereira 2021 (69 eyes) [15] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.59 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.37 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 77.6 | 75.4 | 73.9 | 56.5 | 75.4 | 73.9 | 68.1 | 75.4 | |
±1.0 D [%] | 98.6 | 92.8 | 98.6 | 82.6 | 97.1 | 97.1 | 95.7 | 92.8 | |
Hipólito-Fernandes 2021 (82 eyes) [45] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.48 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.35 | |
±0.5 D [%] | |||||||||
±1.0 D [%] | |||||||||
Shammas 2022 (78 eyes) [24] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.33 |
±0.5 D [%] | 66.7 | 70.5 | 66.7 | 79.5 | 70.5 | 69.2 | 80.8 | 71.8 | 76.9 |
±1.0 D [%] | 100.0 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 100.0 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 100.0 | 97.4 | 100.0 |
Study | Hoffer Q | SRK/T | Haigis | Olsen | Barrett | Kane | Pearl-DGS | Hill-RBF | EVO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abulafia 2015 (76 eyes) [52] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.37 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.28 | ||||
±0.5 D [%] | 71.1 | 86.8 | 78.9 | 88.6 | 89.5 | ||||
±1.0 D [%] | 97.4 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||||
Kane 2017 (340 eyes) [28] | |||||||||
MAE | > 0.37 | > 0.37 | > 0.37 | 0.33 | 0.37 | ||||
±0.5 D [%] | < 72.4 | < 72.4 | < 72.4 | 77.9 | 75.0 | ||||
±1.0 D [%] | < 95.6 | < 95.6 | < 95.6 | 97.5 | 96.8 | ||||
Rong 2019 (79 eyes) [53] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.54 | 0.43 | 0.41 | ||||||
±0.5 D [%] | 54.0 | 65.0 | 70.0 | ||||||
±1.0 D [%] | 91.0 | 95.0 | 97.0 | ||||||
Zhou 2019 (98 eyes) [54] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.67 | 0.46 | 0.45 | 0.35 | |||||
±0.5 D [%] | 47.0 | 62.2 | 64.3 | 79.6 | |||||
±1.0 D [%] | 76.6 | 91.8 | 94.9 | 96.9 | |||||
Liu 2019 (136 eyes) [17] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.32 | 0.37 | |||||
±0.5 D [%] | 60.0 | 68.0 | 78.0 | 76.0 | |||||
±1.0 D [%] | 87.0 | 95.0 | 97.0 | 97.0 | |||||
Zhang 2019 (108 eyes) [55] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.99 | 0.45 | 0.64 | 0.42 | |||||
±0.5 D [%] | 33.3 | 67.6 | 42.6 | 71.6 | |||||
±1.0 D [%] | 58.3 | 93.5 | 71.8 | 94.5 | |||||
Connell 2019 (864 eyes) [42] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.51 | 0.41 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.36 | ||
±0.5 D [%] | |||||||||
±1.0 D [%] | |||||||||
Cooke 2019 (67 eyes) [51] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.27 | ||||
±0.5 D [%] | 77.6 | 77.6 | 86.6 | 86.6 | 85.1 | ||||
±1.0 D [%] | 97.0 | 98.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | ||||
Cheng 2020 (370 eyes) [57] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.37 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.40 | |||
±0.5 D [%] | 72.5 | 72.6 | 74.4 | 74.5 | 69.9 | 72.0 | |||
±1.0 D [%] | 95.0 | 96.0 | 97.0 | 97.0 | 96.0 | 94.5 | |||
Darcy 2020 (10,930 eyes) [20] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.45 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.35 | ||
±0.5 D [%] | |||||||||
±1.0 D [%] | |||||||||
Carmona-González 2020 (481 eyes) [19] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.35 | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.28 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 71.1 | 80.7 | 86.0 | 86.0 | 88.6 | 86.8 | 81.6 | 86.0 | |
±1.0 D [%] | 98.3 | 96.5 | 99.1 | 99.1 | 98.3 | 99.1 | 99.1 | 97.4 | |
Cheng 2020 (87 eyes) [56] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.48 | 0.35 | 0.25 | ||||
±0.5 D [%] | < 71.0 | < 71.0 | > 71.0 | > 71.0 | 77.0 | 80.5 | 60.9 | 74.7 | 78.2 |
±1.0 D [%] | < 93.0 | < 93.0 | > 93.0 | > 93.0 | 96.6 | 98.9 | 86.2 | 97.7 | 97.7 |
Pereira 2021 (116 eyes) [15] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.37 | |
±0.5 D [%] | 62.9 | 65.5 | 62.9 | 62.1 | 76.7 | 75.9 | 74.1 | 71.6 | |
±1.0 D [%] | 93.1 | 93.1 | 91.4 | 89.7 | 94.0 | 95.7 | 94.0 | 96.6 | |
Hipólito-Fernandes 2021 (828 eyes) [45] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.32 | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.31 | |
±0.5 D [%] | |||||||||
±1.0 D [%] | |||||||||
Ang 2022 (183 eyes) [62] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.42 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.35 | |||||
±0.5 D [%] | 72.1 | 79.2 | 80.9 | 80.3 | |||||
±1.0 D [%] | 93.4 | 95.6 | 91.3 | 95.1 | |||||
Shammas 2022 (102 eyes) [24] | |||||||||
MAE | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.29 |
±0.5 D [%] | 73.5 | 72.6 | 75.5 | 78.4 | 83.3 | 79.4 | 80.4 | 82.4 | 78.0 |
±1.0 D [%] | 99.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.0 | 99.0 | 99.0 | 100.0 | 99.0 | 100.0 |