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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Körperliches Training in Prävention und Therapie – Gestaltung und Effekte

verfasst von : Prof. Dr. habil. Christian Thiel, Andreas Bernardi, Dr. Markus Hübscher

Erschienen in: Körperliche Aktivität und Gesundheit

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Zusammenfassung

Körperliches Training wird in unterschiedlichen medizinischen Kontexten von der Prävention über die Rehabilitation bis hin zum Disease Management genutzt. Das vorliegende Kapitel befasst sich mit der Gestaltung und den Effekten unterschiedlicher Formen körperlichen Trainings, sowie ausgewählter unterstützender Methoden. Die Dosierung von Ausdauer-, Kraft-, Koordinations- und Beweglichkeitstraining orientiert sich an wissenschaftlicher Evidenz, bezieht aber auch Erfahrungen aus der Trainingspraxis mit ein. Fragebogen- und testbasierte Assessments erlauben eine individuelle Anpassung und Steuerung des Trainings. Körperliches Training induziert spezifische Effekte auf körperliche Funktion, Leistungsfähigkeit, Gesundheit und Teilhabe. Die resultierenden Effekte hängen auch von individuellen Eigenschaften der trainierenden Person ab. Neben etablierten Trainingsmethoden werden auch weniger konventionelle Methoden behandelt. Es wird ein komprimierter Überblick über einige populäre Methoden - Foam Rolling, Blood Flow Restriction Training, Elektromyostimulation, Ganzkörpervibrationstraining – gegeben, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die aktuelle wissenschaftliche Datenlage zu ihren Effekten und Mechanismen.
Fußnoten
1
Die Sauerstoffaufnahmereserve bezeichnet die Differenz aus der maximalen Sauerstoffaufnahme einer Person bei höchster Anstrengung und deren Sauerstoffaufnahme in Ruhe.
 
2
Der Norwegische Physiotherapeut Oddvar Holten beschrieb in den 1950er Jahren den mittleren Zusammenhang zwischen Widerstand und möglicher Widerholungszahl als Basis für die Trainingssteuerung beim Krafttraining und stellte diesen Zusammenhang grafisch (als Kurve) dar.
 
3
Einfach durchführbarer klinischer Test (Vom Stuhl aufstehen, 3 Meter gehen, umdrehen, wieder hinsetzen) zur groben Einschätzung von posturaler Kontrolle, Mobilität und Sturzrisiko älterer Menschen.
 
4
In randomisierten Studien soll durch zufällige Zuordnung der Probanden zu den Untersuchungsgruppen (Randomisierung) eine gleichmäßige Verteilung bekannter und unbekannter Störgrößen in den zu vergleichenden Gruppen erreicht werden. Im Vergleich zu Studien ohne Randomisierung können Gruppenunterschiede somit mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit auf die Interventionen zurückgeführt werden.
 
5
»Konsistente Ergebnisse« wurden definiert als eine Übereinstimmung der Studienergebnisse von mindestens 75 %.
 
6
Im Gegensatz zu einem systematischen Review erfolgt die Studienauswahl beim narrativen Review subjektiv und nicht systematisch (d. h., selektiv), und es wird keine Qualitätsbeurteilung der Studien durchgeführt.
 
7
In einer Cross-Over-Studie erhält jeder Proband alle zu vergleichenden Treatments in zufälliger (randomisierter) Reihenfolge. Somit wird jeder Proband als seine eigene Kontrolle eingesetzt.
 
8
Ist ein Ergebnis signifikant, bedeutet das, dass es sich mit einer gewissen Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit (in der Regel 5 %) auf die Gesamtpopulation generalisieren lässt und nicht nur zufällig in der Studie auftritt.
 
9
Das Parallelgruppendesign ist das häufigste Design für randomisierte Studien. Dabei werden die Probanden per Randomisierung zu unabhängigen Untersuchungsgruppen zugeteilt, d. h., jeder Proband erhält nur ein Treatment. Im Folgenden wird der Begriff randomisierte Studie im Sinne einer randomisierten Studie im Parallelgruppendesign verwendet.
 
10
Konfidenzintervalle sind Angaben zur Präzision der Schätzung des Effektes auf Basis der Stichprobe. Das 95 % Konfidenzintervall beschreibt den Bereich, der die wahre Effektgröße der Gesamtpopulation mit einer Wahrscheinlichkeit von 95 % beinhaltet.
 
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Zurück zum Zitat Zaciorskij VM, Kraemer WJ (2008) Krafttraining: Praxis und Wissenschaft, 3rd ed. Meyer & Meyer, Aachen Zaciorskij VM, Kraemer WJ (2008) Krafttraining: Praxis und Wissenschaft, 3rd ed. Meyer & Meyer, Aachen
Metadaten
Titel
Körperliches Training in Prävention und Therapie – Gestaltung und Effekte
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. habil. Christian Thiel
Andreas Bernardi
Dr. Markus Hübscher
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-50335-5_2

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