Background
Hypertension, or elevated blood pressure, is a medical condition that significantly increases the risks of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases. Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide [1, 2]. It is estimated that the number of people with hypertension doubled from 648 million in 1990 to 1,278 million in 2019, and only 38% of male hypertension patients and 47% of female hypertension patients are diagnosed and treated [3]. Although the age-adjusted cardiovascular disease mortality rate has been decreasing in Korea; heart disease and stroke still remain among the most common causes of death [4]. Moreover, due to the rapid aging of the population, the absolute number of people with hypertension and cardiovascular disease is expected to increase [5]. According to the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) statistics in Korea, the estimated medical cost of treating hypertension was 4.3 trillion Korean Won, accounting for 4.5% of all medical expenses or 10.9% of medical expenses for chronic diseases [6]. Hitherto, controlling blood pressure is crucial not only to reduce the burden of disease at a societal level but also to improve the quality of life at an individual level. Continuous monitoring of hypertension prevalence and management status should be the first step in reducing its burden. To achieve this, the Korean Society of Hypertension had published its first Hypertension Fact Sheet in 2018, and have been periodically updating it thereafter [7‐9].
Methods
The Korea Hypertension Fact Sheet 2022 analyzed two nationally representative datasets. The first one is the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 1998 to 2020. The KNHANES is a national surveillance system in Korea that assesses the health and nutritional status of noninstitutionalized Korean population since 1998 [10, 11]. The second one is the National Health Insurance (NHI) Big Data from 2002 to 2020. Organized by the NHIS, the NHI Big Data contains socio-demographics, hospital claims with International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10, I10) coding, and mortality data of the entire population of Republic of Korea [12]. Previously, the Korea Hypertension Fact Sheet 2018 analyzed adults aged 30 years from the KNHANES data and people of all age in the NHI Big Data. Since the Korea Hypertension Fact Sheet 2020, both NHANES and NH-BD were analyzed for adult data aged 20 or older [8]. The English version of the “Korea Hypertension Fact Sheet 2022” is attached as a supplementary material of this manuscript. The Korean version is available at http://www.koreanhypertension.org/reference/guide.
Anzeige
Analysis of the KNHANES from 1998 to 2020
There have been 8 rounds of KNHANES between 1998 and 2018: KNHANES I (1998), KNHANES II (2001), KNHANES III (2005), KNHANES-IV (2007–2009), KNHANES V (2010–2012), KNHANES VI (2013–2015), KNHANES VII (2016–2018), and KNHANES VIII (2019–2021). However, only a part of the 8th round data (year 2019 and 2020) were available for this report. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication for the purpose of blood pressure control. Awareness rate was defined as the proportion of people with physician diagnosis of hypertension among all people with hypertension. Treatment rate was defined as the proportion of people using antihypertensive drugs for 20 days or more per month among all people with hypertension. Control rate was defined as the proportion of people with SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg among all people with hypertension and people treated for hypertension [13]. To evaluate the magnitude and management status of hypertension without the effects of population aging, age-standardized rates were calculated based on the demographics of the Korean population in 2005 according to the Population and Housing Census, Statistics Korea. To take into account the effect on estimator variance attributable to the KNHANES’ stratified multistage clustered probability sampling design, we applied survey sampling weights to all the analyses.
Analysis of the NHI Big Data from 2002 to 2020
While the KNHANES data analysis defined hypertension based on measured blood pressure levels and use of antihypertensive medication, the NHI Big Data analysis defined hypertension based on diagnosis codes, because the claim database did not have records of blood pressure measurements. Healthcare utilization was defined as at least one health insurance claim for diagnosis of essential hypertension (I10) each year. Treatment of hypertension was defined as at least one health insurance claim for hypertension diagnosis with antihypertensive drug prescription each year. Adherence to treatment was defined as receiving prescriptions of antihypertensive drugs ≥ 290 days (80%) each year. Antihypertensive drugs were classified into diuretics (DU, thiazide-related and loop diuretics), beta-blockers (BB), calcium channel blockers (CCB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), potassium-sparing diuretics (PSD), or others (alpha-blockers, vasodilators, etc.). If the regimen of antihypertensive drug had switched in a year, one with the longest duration was selected as the representative prescription of the patient for the given year. For the analyses of hypertension in the elderly, the population aged 65 or older was classified as the elderly, and this group was further classified into age 65–79 years and age 80 years or older.
Results
Trends of average blood pressure and hypertension prevalence
The average blood pressure of Korean adults has decreased between 1998 and 2008, but there has been little change in the last 12 years. Population mean SBP/DBP level was 118/76 mmHg for Korean adults aged 20 years or older (Supplement, page 8). Over the last 20 years, the age-standardized mean blood pressure levels have decreased yet without significant change in recent years. The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension among adults aged 20 years or older also modestly decreased from 26.0% (men 29.6%, women 22.3%) in 1998 to 23.3% (men 29.1%, women 17.0%) in 2020 (Supplement, page 10). Over the same period, the age-standardized prevalence of hypertension among adults aged 30 years or older decreased from 30.7% (men 33.4%, women 27.4%) to 28.4% (men 34.9%, women 21.3%) (Supplement, page 11). However, with the rapid aging of the population, the absolute number of people with hypertension has steadily increased; 12.6 million Korean adults have hypertension as of 2020. In particular, the number of elderly women with hypertension has increased rapidly. In 2020, estimated people with hypertension was 5.15 million men and 2.49 million women under the age of 65, but 2.00 million men and 3.01 million women aged 65 years or older. Moreover, among those with hypertension aged 80 or older, 301 thousands were male and 922 thousands were female (Supplement, page 13).
Trends of hypertension management
In general, the hypertension management (awareness, treatment, and control rates) has improved significantly over the past two decades. In 2020, among adults aged 20 or older with hypertension, the awareness rate was 69.5%, the treatment rate was 64.8%, and the control rate was 47.4%. However, the degree of management varied greatly by age and sex. All management indices tended to be higher in older adults than in young adults, and higher in women than in men. However, gender-difference varies depending on age. Women under the age of 50 have higher awareness, treatment, and control rates compared to men of same age. After the age of 60, the awareness and treatment rates become similar in men and women, and the control rate is even lower in women than in men (Supplement, pages 16–19).
Anzeige
Healthcare utilization for hypertension
The number of people diagnosed with hypertension has increased 3.5 times from 3.0 million in 2002 to 10.5 million in 2020. People receiving antihypertensive medications also increased 3.9 times from 2.5 million in 2002 to 9.9 million in 2020. More importantly, the number of people adherent to antihypertensive medication has increased more than twelvefold from 0.6 million in 2002 to 7.4 million in 2020 (Supplement, page 22). Of the 9.9 million people receiving treatment for hypertension, 58.4% were receiving dyslipidemia treatment, 27.1% also receiving diabetes treatment, and 21.2% were receiving treatment for both dyslipidemia and diabetes (Supplement, page 23). The use of combination therapy has rapidly increased, with 40.1% using one class, 43.6% using two classes, and 16.3% using three or more classes of antihypertensive drug in 20,202 (Supplement, page 24). In 2020, the most prescribed antihypertensive drug class was ARB (73.8%), followed by CCB (61.4%), DU (24.2%), BB (15.5%), PSD (1.8%) and ACEi (1.6%) (Supplement, page 25). The most frequently prescribed regimen for hypertension treatment was dual therapy of ACEi/ARB plus CCB, followed by ARB monotherapy and CCB monotherapy (Supplement, page 26–27). Overall, the types of antihypertensive medication were not significantly different between men and women. However, when limited to age of 20–39, monotherapy was more common in women than in men (58.9% vs. 37.3%), and ACEi/ARB prescriptions were less common in women than in men (55.1% vs. 63.71.8%) (Supplement, page 28–29).
Hypertension in the elderly
The proportion of the population aged 65 or older in total adult hypertension was 22.5% in 1998, but it surpassed 40% in 2019, and 39.6% in 2020. Fortunately, in elderly hypertension, the proportion of treated and controlled hypertension increased rapidly, accounting for only 6.6% in 1998, but recently it has been approaching 60% (Supplement, page 31). The awareness rate, treatment rate, and treatment adherence rate have been improved more rapidly in the older people than in younger people with hypertension. However, it is also worth mentioning the recent decrease in awareness, treatment, and control rates among male hypertension patients aged 80 or older (Supplement, page 16–20).
Discussion
The Korea Hypertension Fact Sheet 2022 provides an overview on the magnitude and management status of hypertension in Korea. Although the population average blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension have remained relatively stable over the last decade, the absolute number of people with hypertension has increased steadily and now exceeds 12 million due to population aging. Of particular concern is the rapidly increasing number of elderly individuals with hypertension, with the number of very elderly women with hypertension increasing even faster. This trend may lead to a significant increase in the burden of hypertension and its complications. Fortunately, there have been improvements in the awareness, treatment, and treatment adherence rates among this age group. However, it is worth noting that the proportion of combination therapy use has recently decreased among older adults taking antihypertensive medications. One possible explanation for this trend is that increasing adherence to antihypertensive medication regimens may have led to sufficient blood pressure control with a single antihypertensive drug. Another possible explanation is that the target blood pressure has become more diverse among older patients. However, to fully understand the factors contributing to the decrease in combination therapy use among older patients, further studies with more detailed clinical information will be needed. The greatest novelty of the Korea Hypertension Fact Sheet lies on its generalizability; the KNHANES provides unbiased sampling of the Korean population, and the NHI Big Data provides medical service uses of the entire nation. However, there are some limitations to be addressed. First, the KNHANES is based on non-institutionalized residents of Korea; thus, it might not include people with severe diseases. Second, using the I10 code as an operational definition of hypertension was intended to maintain comparability across series-issued Hypertension Fact sheets. But we acknowledge that this approach has limitations for identifying people with hypertension, particularly for older patients with hypertensive complications or target organ damage. Third, the exact collection methods and survey details varied across the KNHANES. Despite standardized protocols and rigorous quality control procedures, such variability may have affected the analysis on secular trends. Fourth, the NHI Big Data may not be optimal for identifying disease occurrence and prevalence, because the data have been collected for medical service claims and reimbursement purposes. Fifth, the adherence to antihypertensive medication was evaluated on a prescription basis. Thus, it is possible that adherence was overestimated, because we cannot ascertain whether the drug was actually taken or not. Finally, we were limited to anonymized datasets; therefore, the data linkage between the two datasets was unachievable.
Conclusions
Despite the significant improvement in hypertension management over the past few decades, there is still room for further improvement. Due to the rapid population aging and increasing lifespan, the absolute burden of hypertension and its complications will continue to increase. The number of elderly hypertensive patients and hypertensive patients with multi-comorbidity is expected to increase rapidly, so it is necessary to respond to these changes. To prevent complications and death from hypertension, emphasizing the importance of treatment adherence and blood pressure control remains a top priority. We also need to develop tailored prevention and management strategies that are appropriate for and inclusive of various demographics.
Acknowledgements
The Korean Society of Hypertension–Hypertension Epidemiology Research Working Group thanks the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, and the National Health Insurance Service for providing data used for analysis.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea (approval 4-2021-0940). Informed consent was waived, because this is a retrospective study of deidentified, routinely collected data.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Anzeige
Consortium
The Korean Society Hypertension–Hypertension Epidemiology Research Working Group. Hyeon Chang Kim, Song Vogue Ahn, Sun Ha Jee, Sungha Park, Hae-Young Lee, Min Ho Shin, Sang-Hyun Ihm, Seung Won Lee, Hokyou Lee, Jong Ku Park, Il Suh, and Tae-Yong Lee.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.