Background
Methods
Research questions
Eligibility criteria
Participants
Concept
Context
Search strategy
Citation management and study selection
Data extraction, collation and summary
Results
Descriptive numerical summary
General characteristics of included studies
Criterion | Characteristic | Number of studies (%) |
---|---|---|
Study design/publication type | Experimental | 123 (35.2) |
Observational | 116 (33.2) | |
Descriptive | 25 (7.1) | |
Discussion paper/report | 58 (16.6) | |
Qualitative | 19 (5.4) | |
Mixed-methods | 8 (2.5) | |
Country of origin of study | LMIC | 65 (18.6) |
HIC | 284 (81.4) | |
Intervention type | Primary prevention | 249 (71.3) |
Secondary prevention | 57 (16.3) | |
Tertiary prevention | 40 (11.5) | |
Multiple levels of prevention | 3 (0.9) | |
Year of publication | 1974–1983 | 3 (0.9) |
1984–1993 | 24 (6.9) | |
1994–2003 | 51 (14.6) | |
2004–2013 | 114 (32.7) | |
2014–2019 | 157 (44.9) | |
Population | Adults only | 68 (19.5) |
Children only | 72 (20.6) | |
Adults and children | 209 (59.6) | |
Setting | National | 76 (21.8) |
State/province | 114 (32.7) | |
City/town/village | 84 (24.1) | |
Neighbourhood/home/school/health facility/workplace/community | 59 (16.8) | |
Not reported | 16 (4.6) |
Criterion | Characteristic | Number of studies (%) |
---|---|---|
Review type | Systematic review | 37 (59.7) |
Meta-analysis | 8 (12.9) | |
Literature review | 15 (24.2) | |
Scoping review | 2 (3.2) | |
Country of origin of included primary studies | LMIC | 5 (8.1) |
HIC | 42 (67.7) | |
LMIC and HIC | 15 (24.2) | |
Intervention type | Primary prevention | 41 (66.1) |
Secondary prevention | 3 (4.8) | |
Tertiary prevention | 18 (29.1) | |
Year of publication | 1974–1983 | – |
1984–1993 | – | |
1994–2003 | 8 (12.9) | |
2004–2013 | 22 (35.5) | |
2014–2019 | 32 (51.6) | |
Population | Adults only | 9 (14.5) |
Children only | 5 (8.1) | |
Adults and children | 48 (77.4) | |
Setting | National | 8 (12.9) |
State/province | 1 (1.7) | |
City/town/village | 10 (16.1) | |
Neighbourhood/home/school/health facility/workplace/community | 11 (17.7) | |
Multiple | 5 (8.1) | |
Not reported | 27 (43.5) |
Primary studies
Reviews
Strategies and interventions
Primary studies
Intervention/strategy type | Personal safety/protective equipment | Education/training/awareness-raising | Legislation/policy | Enforcement | Engineering | Multi-component |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No of studies | 58 | 48 | 96 | 36 | 51 | 4 |
Country type | ||||||
LMIC | 14 | 15 | 17 | 9 | 12 | 1 |
HIC | 44 | 33 | 79 | 27 | 39 | 3 |
Study design/publication type | ||||||
Experimental | 2 | 16 | 49 | 20 | 14 | 2 |
Observational | 28 | 3 | 23 | 5 | 15 | 1 |
Descriptive | 13 | 3 | 9 | – | 1 | – |
Discussion paper/report | 4 | 20 | 14 | 10 | 16 | 1 |
Qualitative | 7 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4 | – |
Mixed methods | 4 | 3 | – | – | 1 | – |
Setting | ||||||
National | 11 | 12 | 34 | 15 | 20 | 1 |
State/province | 15 | 6 | 47 | 10 | 8 | – |
City/town/village | 27 | 12 | 10 | 10 | 18 | 2 |
Neighbourhood/school-based/health facility-based/workplace | 2 | 13 | 4 | – | 2 | 1 |
Not reported | 2 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 3 | – |
Years | ||||||
1974–1983 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
1984–1993 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 5 | – |
1994–2003 | 11 | 7 | 23 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
2004–2013 | 11 | 21 | 31 | 16 | 21 | 1 |
2014–2019 | 29 | 17 | 35 | 17 | 21 | 1 |
Population | ||||||
Adults and children | 34 | 23 | 49 | 32 | 43 | 3 |
Adults only | 6 | 15 | 13 | 4 | 6 | – |
Children only | 18 | 10 | 34 | – | 2 | 1 |
-
Personal safety/protective equipment
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Education/training/awareness-raising
-
Legislation/policy
-
Enforcement
-
Engineering
-
Multi-component
Intervention/strategy | Pre-hospital airway management | Pre-hospital fluid resuscitation | Pre-hospital triage/imaging | Ambulance services | Air EMS | Physician-staffed/physician-led EMS | Pre-hospital care training | Direct transport to neuro-surgical centre/theatre | Organised trauma/emergency medical system | Lay first responders | Crash notification and response systems | Multiple interventions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of studies | 11 | 1 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
Country type | ||||||||||||
LMIC | – | – | – | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | – | 2 | 1 | – | – |
HIC | 11 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Study design/publication type | ||||||||||||
Experimental | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | 1 | – |
Observational | 7 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 1 | – | 2 | – | – | – |
Descriptive | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | ||
Discussion paper/report | 1 | – | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Qualitative | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – |
Mixed methods | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Setting | ||||||||||||
National | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | |||
State/province/district/county | 6 | – | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
City/town/village | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – |
Neighbourhood/school-based/health facility-based/workplace | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – |
Not reported | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
Years | ||||||||||||
1974–1983 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
1984–1993 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
1994–2003 | 2 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – |
2004–2013 | 6 | – | 1 | – | 3 | 2 | 2 | – | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
2014–2019 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
Population | ||||||||||||
Adults and children | 9 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | |
Adults only | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 7 | – | – | – | – | – |
Children only | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – |
High-income countries | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First author | Year | Country | Study design/publication type | Intervention/strategy | Population | Setting | Provider |
Bay | 2019 | USA | Experimental | Mindfulness-based group therapy | Adults with mild to moderate TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Trained facilitators with mental health and/or mindfulness backgrounds |
Bedard | 2014 | Canada | Experimental | Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy | Adults with a history of TBI | Community sites in three cities | Clinicians |
Bombadier | 2009 | USA | Experimental | Telephone contact with patient- counselling, brief motivational interviewing and education | Adults and children with TBI | Patient’s home | Rehabilitation staff |
Brett | 1998 | USA | Experimental | Cognitive rehabilitation | Students with TBI (from Grade 9-12) | Inter-city public school | Teacher |
Caglio | 2012 | Italy | Descriptive | 3D video game with different navigational tasks | 24-year-old man with TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Neuropsychologist |
Cantor | 2014 | USA | Experimental | STEP: Short-Term Executive Plus (a cognitive rehabilitation programme) | Adults with a history of TBI | Medical centre | Licensed psychologists, psychology post-doctoral fellows |
Chua | 1999 | Singapore | Observational | Multidisciplinary rehabilitation | Adults with TBI | Hospital | Rehabilitation team |
Combs | 2018 | USA | Mixed-methods | Yoga and mindfulness | Adults with TBI | Veteran’s Affairs health care centres | Psychology post-doctoral fellow and Registered Yoga Teacher |
Connor | 2016 | USA | Descriptive | Computer games and meta-cognitive training | Adults with TBI | Neurorehabilitation department | Speech therapist |
Cooper | 2017 | USA | Experimental | Computerised cognitive rehabilitation, traditional cognitive rehabilitation and integrated cognitive rehabilitation | Adults service members with mild TBI | TBI clinic at Army Medical centre | Speech language pathologists, occupational therapists, doctoral psychologists, clinic staff |
De Luca | 2019 | Italy | Descriptive | Conventional cognitive therapy in a computer-assisted rehabilitation environment | 15-year-old adolescent with severe TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Skilled neuropsychologist |
Evald | 2015 | Denmark | Descriptive | Smartphone | Adults with TBI | City | Neuropsychologist |
Fogelman | 2012 | USA | Discussion paper/report | Exercise therapy | Patients with mild TBI | Not reported | Not reported |
Gabbatore | 2015 | Italy | Experimental | Cognitive Pragmatic Treatment | Adult patients with TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Psychologist |
Gardiner | 2015 | USA | Experimental | Neurologic Music therapy (NMT) | Military veterans who had been diagnosed with TBI | Veterans health centre | Musician who is a licensed psychologist, board-certified neuropsychologist trained in NMT |
Goldshtrom | 2010 | USA | Descriptive | Rhythmex: Rhythmic exercises with auditory cues | 24-year-old female with TBI | Physical therapy clinic | Physical therapist |
Hoosan | 2010 | UK | Qualitative | Return to work rehabilitation | Adults with TBI | Brain injury service clinic | Occupational therapists |
Keegan | 2019 | Australia | Experimental | INSIGHT: Improving Natural Social Interaction: Group reHabilitation after Traumatic Brain Injury | Adults with TBI | University clinic and other community settings | Speech-language pathologist |
Kline | 2016 | USA | Discussion paper/report | Art therapy | Any survivor of TBI | Rehabilitation facility | Not reported |
Linton | 2018 | USA | Experimental | Trabajadora de salud- solution focused brief therapy | Adults with TBI | Patient’s home | Lay health workers |
Nayak | 2000 | USA | Experimental | Music therapy | Patients with history of moderate to severe TBI | Rehabilitation institute | Music therapist |
Nelson | 2013 | USA | Experimental | Interactive metronome therapy | Soldiers with mild to moderate TBI | Medical centre | Neuropsychologist |
Salazar | 2000 | USA | Experimental | In-hospital cognitive rehabilitation programme | Military personnel with moderate-to-severe closed head injury | Hospital | Board-certified psychiatrist, certified occupational therapist, speech pathologist and one rehab assistants |
Saux | 2014 | Argentina | Descriptive | Cognitive rehabilitation | Adults with TBI | Hospital | Neuropsychologist |
Scheenen | 2017 | The Netherlands | Descriptive | UPFRONT-preventive Cognitive Behavioural Therapy | Adults with mild TBI | Medical centre | Experienced healthcare psychologist |
Seguin | 2018 | Canada | Experimental | Ready! Set? Let’s Train!: a type of cognitive rehabilitation | Children aged 10–17 years | School or home | Neuropsychologist |
Serino | 2007 | Italy | Experimental | Working Memory training | Adults with TBI | Rehabilitation Centre | Neuropsychologist |
Solana | 2014 | Spain | Experimental | Intelligent assistant therapy | Adults with TBI | Hospital | – |
Sullivan | 2014 | Australia | Qualitative | Real-life activities in rehabilitation | Young men with TBI | Home | Not reported |
Swaine | 2000 | Canada | Experimental | Coordinated multidisciplinary rehabilitation | Children with TBI | Children’s Hospital | Multidisciplinary team |
Thaut | 2009 | USA | Experimental | Neurologic music therapy | Adults with TBI | Not reported | Board-certified musical therapist |
Tiwari | 2018 | USA | Descriptive | Home-based circuity training | 17-year-old with TBI | Home | School physical therapist |
Twamley | 2014 | USA | Experimental | CogSMART: Cognitive Symptom Management and Rehabilitation Therapy | Veterans with history of TBI | Rehabilitation clinic | Not reported |
Van Spanje | 2019 | The Netherlands | Observational | The Brainz programme: Cognitive and physical rehabilitation | Adults with TBI | Home and rehabilitation centre | Cognitive trainer, pscyhomotor trainer or physiotherapist, family |
Vik | 2018 | Norway | Experimental | Music training | Adults with mild TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Music instructor |
Wood | 2011 | UK | Experimental | Implementation intentions and Goal Management training | Adults with TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Doctoral student in clinical psychology |
Yost | 2013 | USA | Qualitative | Qigong | Service members with TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Qigong master |
Low- and middle-income countries | |||||||
Fernandez | 2012 | Cuba | Experimental | RehaCom: software for computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation | Adult patients with TBI | Rehabilitation centre | Neuropsychologists |
Hedge | 2014 | India | Discussion paper/report | Music-based cognitive remediation therapy | All patients with TBI | Not reported | Not reported |
Soeker | 2017 | South Africa | Experimental | MOOSE: Model of Occupational Self-Efficacy | Adults with mild to moderate TBI | Occupational therapy department | Occupational therapist |
Reviews
Contextual factors
-
Personal safety/protective equipment
-
Education/training/awareness-raising
-
Legislation and enforcement
-
Engineering
-
Ground and Air EMS
-
Lay responders and pre-hospital care training
-
Physician-staffed/physician-led EMS