Background
Methods
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MEDLINE database, Embase® database and LILACS database. The following keywords were chosen for the research: neonatal upper limb fracture, clavicle fracture or humerus fracture. Based on the obtained articles and their bibliographic references, articles were selected. Articles written in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish have been included. No language restrictions have been applied.
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Hand searches of the references of retrieved literature and authoritative texts.
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Personal and hospital libraries searching for texts on upper limb neonatal fractures.
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Discussions with experts in the field of upper limb neonatal fractures.
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Personal experience.
Epidemiology, etiology and risk factors
Clinical presentation
Red Flags | Suspect of | Tips | |
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Neonatal Upper Limb Fractures | ▪ Pseudoparalysis of the limb that does not resolve after 2-3 weeks | ▪ Possible associated perinatal brachial plexus injury | - Document the motor function of the shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand (spontaneous and after stimulation) on day 1 - Pseudoparalysis due to humerus fracture delays the diagnosis of neurologic injury. The presence of active shoulder abduction, elbow flexion and grasp reflex, along with the absence of active wrist and finger extension, are typical findings of radial nerve palsy. |
▪ Drop wrist on clinical examination | ▪ Possible associated radial nerve palsy |
Diagnosis
Radiographic Pitfalls | Pearls | Tips | |
---|---|---|---|
Neonatal Upper Limb Fractures | ▪ Apparent shoulder dislocation | ▪ Suspect of a physeal fracture of the proximal humerus | - Do not attempt a joint reduction without clarifying the diagnosis. - Ultrasound is of great usefulness in establishing the diagnosis. If not available, arthrogram or MRI are possible options. |
▪ Apparent elbow dislocation | ▪ Suspect of a distal transphyseal humerus fracture |
Author | Case(s) | Delivery | Age at Diagnosis (days) | Imaging | Treatment | Follow-up (months) | Complications/Remarks/Follow-up |
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Jacobsen [59] (2009) | 6 | Protrusion of arm | 12 | XR, arthrogram | Cast (no reduction) | 16 | - Callus on initial radiographs - Normal alignment |
Normal | 2 | XR,US | Traction + closed reduction + cast | 78 | - Normal alignment | ||
Breech twin arm stuck | 14 | XR | Cast (no reduction) | 60 | - Callus on initial radiographs - Normal alignment - Slightly reduced ROM | ||
Cephalic fast delivery | 9 | XR,US | Cast (no reduction) | 54 | - Callus on initial radiographs - Normal alignment | ||
Long | 1 | XR,US,MRI | Closed reduction + cast | 21 | - Slightly reduced valgus | ||
Normal | 30 | XR | Cast (no reduction) | 120 | - Callus on initial radiographs - Normal alignment | ||
Söyüncü [81] (2009) | 1 | VD | 5 | XR,US,MRI | Open reduction + K-wire + posterior splint | 16 | - Complete ROM; Normal alignment |
Catena [75] (2009) | 1 | CS | 1 | XR,US | Closed Reduction + cast | 12 | - Complete ROM; Normal alignment |
Sherr-Lurie [22] (2011) | 2 | CS: n=1 VD: n=1 | - | XR,US | Closed Reduction + cast | 6 | - Complete ROM; Normal alignment |
Sabat [79] (2011) | 1 | CS | 5 | XR,MRI | Closed reduction + posterior plaster slab | 1 | - Complete ROM; Normal alignment |
Navallas [80] (2013) | 1 | cs | 1 | XR,US | Closed Reduction + cast | 4 | - Complete ROM - 10º of varus |
Kamaci [82] (2014) | 1 | CS | 2 | - | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire + long arm splint | 6 | - Complete ROM; Normal alignment |
Patil [91] (2015) | 1 | VD | 2 | XR,US | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire + immobilization | 2.5 | - Complete ROM |
Lin [83] (2016) | 1 | CS | 5 | XR,MRI, Arthrogram | Open reduction + K-wire + cast | 2 | - Complete ROM; Normal alignment |
Tharakan [84] (2016) | 1 | VD | XR,MRI, Arthrogram | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire + posterior plaster splint | 12 | - Complete ROM; Normal alignment | |
Kay [65] (2017) | 4 | CS | 1 | XR | Immobilization | - | Normal alignment |
4 | XR, Arthrogram | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire + immobilization | - | Normal alignment | |||
7 | XR,US | Immobilization | - | Normal alignment | |||
1 | XR, MRI | Immobilization | - | Normal alignment | |||
Gigante [76] (2017) | 5 | VD | 3 | XR | Closed Reduction + cast | 60 | Complete ROM |
VD | 1 | XR,US | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire + cast | 15 | Complete ROM | ||
VD | 2 | XR | Closed Reduction + cast | 27 | Complete ROM | ||
CS | 2 | XR,US | Closed Reduction + cast | 36 | Complete ROM | ||
VD | 1 | XR | Closed Reduction + cast | 12 | 5º of cubitus varus | ||
Hariharan [87] (2019) | 9 | CS: n=6 VD: n=3 | - | - | Surgery | - | - |
Tan [85] (2022) | 1 | - | 4 | XR,US,MRI, Arthrogram | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire + cast | - | - |
Galeotti [86] (2023) | 10 | CS: n=1 VD: n=9 | 1 | XR | Closed reduction + cast | 120 | -Loss of reduction – 2nd treatment: Closed reduction + cast - Complete ROM - Normal alignment - episodes of 5th finger paresthesia |
8 | XR,US,MRI | Closed reduction + cast | 120 | - Complete ROM; Normal alignment - elbow pain (occasional) | |||
3 | XR,US,MRI | Closed reduction + cast | 12 | - Complete ROM - Normal alignment | |||
2 | XR,US | Closed reduction + cast | 15 | -Loss of reduction - Second treatment: Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire - Complete ROM - Normal alignment | |||
6 | XR,US, Arthrogram | Closed reduction + cast | 16 | - Complete ROM - Normal alignment | |||
6 | XR,US, Arthrogram | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire | 24 | - Complete ROM - Normal alignment | |||
9 | XR,US, Arthrogram | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire | 21 | - Complete ROM - Normal alignment | |||
9 | XR,US, Arthrogram | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire | 16 | - Complete ROM - Normal alignment | |||
3 | XR,US, Arthrogram | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire | 14 | - Complete ROM - Normal alignment | |||
2 | XR,US, Arthrogram | Closed reduction + percutaneus K-wire | 12 | - Complete ROM - Normal alignment |