Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Study setting
Recruitments process
Sample size
Data collection tools and procedure
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Category 1: Families who do not own a house and can hardly afford basic needs.
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Category 2 Those who have a dwelling of their own or are able to rent one but rarely get full time jobs.
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Category 3: Those who have a job and farmers and go beyond subsistence farming to produce a surplus which can be sold. Also include those with small and medium enterprises who can provide employment to dozens of people.
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Category 4: Those who own large-scale business, individuals working with international organizations and industries as well as public servants.
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographic characteristics of participants
Social demographic characteristics | PLHIV n(%) | HIV-negative n(%) | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | < 0.001* | ||
18–24 | 30 (15) | 39 (19.5) | |
25–35 | 31 (15.5) | 77 (38.5) | |
36–45 | 34 (17.0) | 39 (19.5) | |
46–55 | 57 (28.5) | 23 (11.5) | |
56+ | 54 (24.0) | 21 (12.0) | |
Sex | |||
Male | 88 (44.0) | 89 (44.5) | 0.920 |
Female | 112 (56.0 | 111 (55.5) | |
Occupation | |||
Unemployed | 64 (32.0) | 44 (22.0) | 0.024* |
Employed | 136 (68.0) | 156 (78.0) | |
Socio-economic status | |||
Category1 | 18 (9.0) | 24 (12.0) | 0.005* |
Category2 | 47 (23.5) | 73 (36.5) | |
Category3 and 4 | 135 (67.5) | 103 (51.5) |
Comparison of OHIP frequency in PLHIV and HIV-negative adults
7 domain | Items of OHIP | Categories impact in terms of OHRQoL | HIV-negative n(%) | PLHIV n(%) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Functional limitation | OHIP1: Had trouble pronouncing any words | low impact | 195 (48.75) | 180 (45) | 0.008 |
neutral impact | 3 (0.75) | 11 (2.75) | |||
high impact | 2 (0.5) | 9 (2.25) | |||
OHIP2: Felt sense of taste has worsened | low impact | 173 (43.25) | 158 (39.5) | 0.091 | |
neutral impact | 16 (4) | 20 (5) | |||
high impact | 11 (2.75) | 22 (5.5) | |||
Physical pain | OHIP3: Had painful aching | low impact | 99 (24.75) | 91 (22.75) | 0.559 |
neutral impact | 45 (11.25) | 54 (13.5) | |||
high impact | 56 (14) | 55 (13.75) | |||
OHIP4: Find it uncomfortable to eat any foods | low impact | 124 (31) | 105 (26.25) | 0.06 | |
neutral impact | 41 (10.25) | 41 (10.25) | |||
high impact | 35 (8.75) | 54 (13.5) | |||
Psychological discomfort | OHIP5: Been self-conscious | low impact | 143 (35.75) | 122 (30.5) | 0.082 |
neutral impact | 25 (6.25) | 36 (9) | |||
high impact | 32 (8) | 42 (10.5) | |||
OHIP6: Felt tense | low impact | 140 (35) | 123 (30.75) | 0.173 | |
neutral impact | 27 (6.75) | 31 (7.75) | |||
high impact | 33 (8.25) | 46 (11.5) | |||
Physical disability | OHIP7: Felt diet has been unsatisfactory | low impact | 138 (34.5) | 131 (32.75) | 0.619 |
neutral impact | 34 (8.5) | 34 (8.5) | |||
high impact | 28 (7) | 35 (8.75) | |||
OHIP8: Had to interrupt meal | low impact | 151 (37.75 | 136 (34) | 0.173 | |
neutral impact | 27 (6.75) | 30 (7.5) | |||
high impact | 22 (5.5) | 34 (8.5) | |||
Psychological disability | OHIP9: Found it difficult to relax | low impact | 137 (34.25) | 133 (33.25) | 0.669 |
neutral impact | 36 (9) | 34 (8.5) | |||
high impact | 27 (6.75) | 33 (8.25) | |||
OHIP10: Been a bit embarrassed | low impact | 161 (40.25) | 154 (38.5) | 0.469 | |
neutral impact | 19 (4.75) | 18 (4.5) | |||
high impact | 20 (5) | 28 (7) | |||
Socio disability | OHIP11: Been a bit irritable | low impact | 168 (42) | 164 (41) | 0.139 |
neutral impact | 19 (4.75) | 13 (3.25) | |||
high impact | 13 (3.25) | 23 (5.75) | |||
OHIP12: Had difficult doing usual jobs | low impact | 163 (40.75) | 155 (38.75) | 0.216 | |
neutral impact | 24 (6) | 22 (5.5) | |||
high impact | 13 (3.25) | 23 (5.75) | |||
Handicap | OHIP13: Felt life not satisfying | low impact | 183 (45.75) | 162 (40.5) | 0.005 |
neutral impact | 9 (2.25) | 27 (6.75) | |||
high impact | 8 (2) | 11 (2.75) | |||
OHIP14: Being totally unable to function | low impact | 181 (45.25) | 179 (44.75) | 921 | |
neutral impact | 12 (3) | 14 (3.5) | |||
high impact | 7 (1.75) | 7 (1.75) |
Association of Oral Health-Related Quality of life (OHRQoL) with demographic characteristics among PLHIV adults in comparison to HIV-negative persons
Variables | PLHIV | P value | HIV-negative | P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High impact n(%) | Neutral impact n(%) | Low impact n(%) | High impact n(%) | Neutral impact n(%) | Low impact n(%) | |||
AGE | 0.001 | |||||||
18–35 | 11 (18.03) | 25 (40.98) | 25 (40.98) | 0.645 | 9 (7.76) | 41 (35.34) | 66 (56.90) | |
36+ | 25 (17.99) | 66 (47.48) | 48 (34.53) | 11 (13.10) | 48 (57.14) | 25 (29.76) | ||
SEX | ||||||||
Male | 8 (9.09) | 42 (47.73) | 38 (43.18) | 0.011 | 8 (8.99) | 35 (39.33) | 46 (51.69) | 0.0290 |
Female | 28 (25.00) | 49 (43.75) | 35 (31.25) | 12 (10.81) | 54 (48.65) | 45 (40.54) | ||
•UBUDEHE (SES) | ||||||||
Cat 1&2 (poor) | 12 (18.46) | 29 (44.62) | 24 (36.92) | 0.984 | 9 (9.28) | 43 (44.33) | 45 (46.39) | 0.936 |
Cat 3& 4 (Rich) | 24 (17.78) | 62 (45.93) | 49 (36.30) | 11 (10.68)) | 46 (44.66) | 46 (44.66) | ||
OCCUPATION | ||||||||
employed | 14 (21.88) | 35 (54.69) | 15 (23.44) | 0.031 | 4 (99.09) | 20 (45.45) | 20 (45.45) | 0.971 |
unemployed | 22 (16.18) | 56 (41.18) | 58 (42.65) | 16 (10.26) | 69 (44.23) | 71 (45.51) |
Comparisons of OHIP-14 among PLHIV and HIV-negative adults according to dental caries (DMFT index)
OHIP items | PLHIV | HIV-negative | ||||||||||||
+DMFT | +DMFT | |||||||||||||
Yes n(%) | No n(%) | Yes n(%) | No n(%) | |||||||||||
High impact | Neutral impact | Low impact | High impact | Neutral impact | Low impact | P value | High impact | Neutral impact | Low impact | High impact | Neutral impact | Low impact | P value | |
OHIP1 | 8 (7.92) | 11 (10.89) | 82 (81.19) | 1 (1.01) | 0 (0.00) | 98 (98.99) | 0.000 | 2 (2.47) | 3 (3.70) | 76 (93.83) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 119 (100.00) | 0.023 |
OHIP2 | 17 (16.83) | 15 (14.85) | 69 (68.32) | 89 (89.90) | 5 (5.05) | 5 (5.05) | 0.001 | 7 (8.64) | 11 (13.58) | 63 (77.78) | 4 (3.36) | 5 (4.20) | 110 (92.44) | 0.011 |
OHIP3 | 43 (42.57) | 40 (39.60) | 18 (17.82) | 12 (12.12) | 14 (14.14) | 73 (73.74) | 0.000 | 34 (41.98) | 31 (38.27) | 16 (19.75) | 22 (18.49) | 14 (11.76) | 83 (69.75) | 0.000 |
OHIP4 | 42 (41.58) | 30 (29.70) | 29 (28.71) | 12 (12.12) | 11 (11.11) | 76 (76.77) | 0.000 | 25 (30.86) | 28 (34.57) | 28 (34.57) | 10 (8.40) | 13 (10.92) | 96 (80.67) | 0.000 |
OHI 5 | 32 (31.68) | 26 (25.74) | 43 (42.57) | 10 (10.10) | 10 (10.10) | 79 (79.80) | 0.000 | 21 (25.93) | 15 (18.52) | 45 (55.56) | 11 (9.24) | 10 (8.40) | 98 (82.35) | 0.000 |
OHIP 6 | 35 (34.65) | 25 (24.75) | 41 (40.59) | 11 (11.11) | 6 (6.06) | 82 (82.83) | 0.000 | 23 (28.40) | 16 (19.75) | 42 (51.85) | 10 (8.40) | 11 (9.24) | 98 (82.35) | 0.000 |
OHIP 7 | 29 (28.71) | 26 (25.74) | 46 (45.54) | 6 (6.06) | 8 (8.08) | 85 (85.86) | 0.000 | 19 (23.46) | 25 (30.86) | 37 (45.68) | 9 (7.56) | 9 (7.56) | 101 (84.87) | 0.000 |
OHIP 8 | 27 (26.73) | 26 (25.74) | 48 (47.52) | 7 (7.07) | 4 (4.04) | 88 (88.89) | 0.000 | 15 (18.52) | 22 (27.16) | 44 (54.32) | 7 (5.88) | 5 (4.20) | 107 (89.92) | 0.000 |
OHIP 9 | 29 (28.71) | 28 (27.72) | 44 (43.56) | 4 (4.04) | 6 (6.06) | 89 (89.90) | 0.000 | 19 (23.46) | 26 (32.10) | 36 (44.44) | 8 (6.72) | 10 (8.40) | 101 (84.87) | 0.000 |
OHIP 10 | 20 (19.80) | 12 (11.88) | 69 (68.32) | 8 (8.08) | 6 (6.06) | 85 (85.86) | 0.012 | 14 (17.28) | 16 (19.75) | 51 (62.96) | 6 (5.04) | 3 (2.52) | 110 (92.44) | 0.000 |
OHIP 11 | 19 (18.81) | 10 (9.90) | 72 (71.29) | 4 (4.04) | 3 (3.03) | 92 (92.93) | 0.000 | 8 (9.88) | 17 (20.99) | 56 (69.14) | 5 (4.20) | 2 (1.68) | 112 (94.12) | 0.000 |
OHIP 12 | 21 (20.79) | 18 (17.82) | 62 (61.39) | 2 (2.020 | 4 (4.04) | 93 (93.94) | 0.000 | 8 (9.88) | 19 (23.46) | 54 (66.67) | 5 (4.20) | 5 (4.20) | 109 (91.60) | 0.000 |
OHIP 13 | 8 (7.92) | 18,917.82) | 75 (74.26) | 3 (3.03) | 9 (9.09) | 87 (87.88) | 0.046 | 6 (7.41) | 6 (7.41) | 69 (85.19) | 291.68) | 3 (2.52) | 114 (95.80) | 0.029 |
OHIP 14 | 6 (5.94) | 10 (9.90) | 85 (84.16) | 1 (1.01) | 4 (4.04) | 94 (94.95) | 0.037 | 5 (6.17) | 12 (14.81) | 64 (79.01) | 2 (1.68) | 0 (0.00) | 117 (98.32) | 0.000 |
CPITN | P value | CPITN | P value | |||||||||||
Yes n(%) | No n(%) | Yes n(%) | No n(%) | |||||||||||
OHIP1 | 9 (5.20) | 10 (5.78) | 154 (89,02) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (3.70) | 26 (96.30) | 0.422 | 2 (1.06) | 3 (1.59) | 184 (97.35) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 9 (100.00) | 0.885 |
OHI2 | 20 (11.56) | 16 (9.25) | 137 (79.19) | 2 (7.41) | 4 (14.81) | 21 (77.78) | 0.578 | 9 (4.76) | 16 (8.47) | 164 (86.77) | 1 (11.11) | 0 (0.00) | 8 (88.89) | 0.484 |
OHIP3 | 48 (27.75) | 46 (26.59) | 79 (45.66) | 7 (25.93) | 8 (29.63) | 12 (44.44) | 0.944 | 50 (26.46) | 44 (23.28) | 95 (50.26) | 4 (44.44) | 1 (11.11) | 4 (44.44) | 0.441 |
OHIP4 | 47 (27.17) | 34 (19.65) | 92 (53.18) | 7 (25.73) | 7 (25.73) | 13 (48.15) | 0.750 | 32 (16.93) | 40 (21.16) | 117 (61.90) | 3 (33.33) | 1 (11.11) | 5 (55.56) | 0.410 |
OHIP5 | 36 (20.81) | 31 (17.92) | 106 (61.27) | 6 (22.22) | 5 (18.52) | 16 (59.26) | 0.979 | 30 (15.87) | 23 (12.17) | 136 (71.96) | 2 (212.22) | 2 (22.22) | 5 (55.56) | 0.542 |
OHIP6 | 39 (22.54) | 27 (15.61) | 16 (59.26) | 7 (25.93) | 4 (14.81) | 16 (59.26) | 0.927 | 30 (15.87) | 25 (13.23) | 134 (70.90) | 3 (33.33) | 2 (22.22) | 4 (44.44) | 0.229 |
OHIP7 | 29 (16.76) | 29 (16.76) | 115 (66.47) | 6 (22.22) | 5 (18.52) | 16 (59.26) | 0.731 | 25 (13.23) | 32 (16.93) | 132 (69.84) | 3 (33.33) | 2 (22.22) | 4 (44.44) | 0.182 |
OHIP8 | 30 (17.34) | 23 (13.29) | 120 (69.36) | 4 (14.81) | 7 (25.93) | 16 (59.26) | 0.232 | 20 (10.58) | 25 (13.23) | 114 (76.19) | 2 (22.22) | 2 (22.22) | 5 (55.56) | 0.360 |
OHIP9 | 28 (16.18) | 30 (17.34) | 115 (66.47) | 5 (18.52) | 4 (14.81) | 18 (66.67) | 0.921 | 24 (12.70) | 35 (18.52) | 130 (68.78) | 1 (11.11) | 3 (33.33) | 5 (55.56) | 0.206 |
OHIP10 | 25 (14.45) | 15 (8.67) | 133 (76.88) | 3 (11.11) | 3 (11.11) | 21 (77.78) | 0.842 | 20 (10.58) | 17 (8.99) | 152 (80.42) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (22.22) | 7 (77.78) | 0.283 |
OHIP11 | 19 (10.98) | 11 (6.36) | 143 (82.66) | 4 (14.81) | 2 (7.41) | 21 (77.78) | 0.816 | 12 (6.35) | 18 (9.52) | 159 (84.13) | 1 (11.11) | 1 (11.11) | 7 (77.78) | 0.835 |
OHIP12 | 19 (10.98) | 17 (9.83) | 137 (79.19) | 4 (14.81) | 5 (18.52) | 18 (66.67) | 0.305 | 12 (6.35) | 21 (11.11) | 156 (82.54) | 1 (11.11) | 3 (33.33) | 5 (55.56) | 0.102 |
OHIP13 | 11 (6.36) | 25 (14.45) | 137 (79.19) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (7.42) | 25 (92.59) | 0.213 | 8 (4.23) | 8 (4.23) | 173 (91.53) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (11.11) | 8 (88.89) | 0.527 |
OHIP14 | 7 (4.05) | 13 (7.51) | 153 (88.44) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (3.70) | 26 (96.30) | 0.419 | 7 (3.70) | 11 (5.82) | 171 (90.48) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (11.11) | y (88.89) | 0.693 |