Background
Specialized paediatric health care for preterm born children and children born with congenital malformations is a continuing challenge for health care systems. The transition from hospital to home can be a challenging period. Having a child at home with a long-term illness or being born preterm is found to be stressful for parents and can impact on their confidence and lead to increased anxiety after discharge [
1‐
3]. In Sweden, highly specialized health care, referred to as National Specialized Medical Care [
4], is becoming centralized in a few hospitals in the major cities. A consequence of this centralization is an extended travel distance for families when their child needs specialized care facilities. To increase communication and support at home and to decrease the families’ need for travel to hospitals, different eHealth solutions can be used [
5,
6].
eHealth (electronic health) as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) refers to “the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for supporting health” and includes a wide range of interventions such as mobile health (mHealth), telehealth and telemedicine [
7,
8]. eHealth solutions have been developed and implemented to support equal access to affordable health care and to improve quality of care [
8].
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) defines quality of care as the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes [
9,
10]. The IOM identifies six components of quality in health care services: effective, safe, people-centred, timely, equitable and efficient [
10]. In 2018, WHO further added the integrated component into the six components of quality in health care [
11]. When studying the quality of provided care, researchers frequently ask patients about their level of satisfaction [
12,
13], which is directly linked to the different dimensions of quality of care, and the likelihood that parents will adhere to medical recommendations [
14].
Some evidence is found that parental satisfaction with the care and quality of care increases the more the parents collaborate with the health care professionals [
15,
16]. A study from South Africa showed that parents were generally very satisfied with the quality of care in a paediatric intensive care unit. The parents were most satisfied with the health care workers’ attitude, but scored information and participation lower [
17]. Some of the important determinants of parental satisfaction with care include perceived adequacy of care, health care professionals’ attitude, family support, and parents being an active part in the care of their child [
12,
16,
18].
Little is known about sociodemographic differences in parental satisfaction with paediatric hospital care, and the available evidence is mixed. A Greek study of parents of hospitalized children by Tsironi and Koulierakis [
16] reported that mothers were less satisfied than fathers with the hospital environment, but other studies of Greek and Norwegian parents of hospitalized children found no significant differences in health care satisfaction between mothers and fathers [
19,
20]. Furthermore, a study by Galanis et al. [
19] found that older parents were less satisfied with paediatric hospital services than younger parents, but the reverse was found in a study by Hagen et al. [
20]. Similarly, a study by Tsironi and Koulierakis [
16] found that university-educated parents were more satisfied with parental participation in hospital care than less educated parents, but other studies have found that parents with higher education generally tend to be less satisfied with paediatric hospital care [
19,
20]. Finally, there is some limited evidence that parents of foreign nationality are less satisfied with paediatric hospital care than parents with Swedish nationality [
19].
High parental satisfaction with using eHealth devices in neonatal and paediatric health care is shown [
21]. Recent studies have indicated that parents of children with long-term illness experience access to and use of an eHealth device positively after discharge from the hospital [
5,
22]. eHealth in terms of telemedicine is also described as boosting the parents’ sense of self-efficacy, social support, satisfaction, and security [
23‐
25]. It is a preferred communication tool for parents in a home setting [
24] and is shown to enhance communication and accessibility between health care providers and parents [
25,
26]. Makkar and his colleagues [
27] found that parental satisfaction with health care using eHealth communication in video conferencing was high and equivalent to routine care [
27], and video communication and web-based eHealth decreased the need for home visits [
21]. Thus, it is important to know how to improve the parents’ satisfaction in order to guarantee safe and healthy childcare.
This study aimed to describe parental satisfaction with and without the support of an eHealth device for communication between parents and hospital staff, as a supplement to routine care after a child’s discharge from neonatal or paediatric surgery departments and between sociodemographic groups of parents.
Discussion
Almost all parents of hospitalized children in this study who received an eHealth device for communication with health care staff following their child’s hospitalization thought that their ability to interact with the health care professionals was either “good” or “very good”. Further, the vast majority were either satisfied or very satisfied with the communication through the eHealth device and found that using the device for communicating was “safe” or “very safe”. The parents not receiving support from the eHealth device also reported high levels of satisfaction. There was a significant difference between fathers and mothers, the latter being significantly more satisfied with the inclusion and communication dimensions in the intervention group.
Parents’ assessment of the eHealth device showed high satisfaction levels in all sociodemographic groups. Over 80% of the parents were satisfied with the ability to communicate, with the communication itself, and with its security. This result is in line with other studies on eHealth that generally find a high level of satisfaction with the use of eHealth in health care [
37]. Only two parents in this study stated that they were dissatisfied with the communication. Possible barriers and reasons for parents to be less satisfied with communication through the eHealth device could be that parents did not find it flexible and effective to communicate via eHealth, or that it raised some ethical issues [
38]. A stable internet connection and essential technical framework are other possible barriers [
5,
39].
The security of the eHealth device is critical for patients’ use of eHealth [
40]. In the present study 24 parents out of 36 found it “safe” or “very safe” to communicate through the device. The security of using the eHealth device when it comes to the parents, e.g. when sending pictures of the child, is vital and an important ethical consideration in eHealth. Data sharing and security are essential factors for the parents’ satisfaction with care [
41].
The results of the current study show generally high levels of parental satisfaction within both intervention and control groups, as well as within different sociodemographic groups. This indicates a high quality of neonatal and paediatric surgery care at the university hospital where the study took place. Few sociodemographic differences in parental satisfaction with care were observed. There were indications that mothers, and parents with higher education and higher reported social class, were somewhat more satisfied on certain dimensions of care, especially within the eHealth (intervention) group. A reason for the mothers being significantly more satisfied with the inclusion and communication dimension could be that women are more knowledgeable about symptoms and treatments compared to men [
42,
43], as they are more likely to acquire health-related information through the media and the health care system. Consequently, mothers may be more likely to use and benefit from an eHealth device than fathers. Furthermore, researchers have found that communication between mothers of new-borns and health care professionals is essential for the quality of care [
44].
The findings concerning social class and education may suggest that parents with higher education and social class were better able to communicate through the eHealth device, which could imply inequalities in eHealth supported care [
45]. Moreover, the digital divide in eHealth could add to social health inequalities [
46]. On the other hand, eHealth is often developed to support equity in health and eHealth solutions are an active part of health promotion and attempts to secure good health for all [
47]. The results concerning gender and education are partly consistent with one previous parental study [
16] but are not compatible at all with other studies [
19,
20]. This further indicates that studies of sociodemographic differences in parental satisfaction with paediatric care tend to report conflicting results [
16,
19,
20]. This may relate to differences between studies regarding parental characteristics, ages or medical conditions of the children, or the way health services are organized.
Generally, the high levels of satisfaction with care in this study reflect positively on Swedish health care for parents of hospitalized children. Based on earlier research, one would have expected that those who received the eHealth device had a higher level of satisfaction compared to those only receiving routine care. Furthermore, a randomized controlled trial finds that an eHealth application had a statistically significant positive impact on parents’ self-efficacy and satisfaction compared to parents who did not have the application [
48].
A Norwegian study within neonatal care found that respect and empathy from the health care workers are key aspects of parental satisfaction [
20]. Furthermore, the health care professionals’ attitudes and parents’ involvement in care are some of the key determinants of parental satisfaction [
12,
18]. Additionally, the literature finds that a reason why some parents are less satisfied with paediatric care is their unmet need for more training and guidance to take care of their newborn child [
20]. Our study suggests that the health care providers accommodated the parents’ needs both with and without the eHealth device.
At children’s hospitals, there is often a clear emphasis on parental involvement [
49,
50]. The health care professionals must ensure the child receives proper care and proper supervision. This is where an eHealth device for parent-professional communication can potentially mark a considerable advance in securing good health care. In discussing parents’ role in their child’s care in the face of early discharge, it is essential to recognize the balancing act involved for the health care system. In other words, the system must balance parental willingness to be active parents against limited parental knowledge and skills [
51]. Furthermore, parents often have other roles to handle simultaneously: they are parents, workers, have other children to take care of and, of course, they also have obligations to their spouses. It is stated in the literature that taking care of a child that needs attendance and care at home can be demanding and result in parents experiencing a caregiver burden [
52]. It is important to balance the parents’ willingness and ability to take care of their family members against their other obligations. The point of the eHealth device used in the current study was to make it easier for the parents to juggle all these balls in the air and reduce hospital visits (e.g., going to the hospital for wound dressing or to measure the child’s weight and height). The trend toward increased parental involvement in paediatric care could affect people unequally, which makes it necessary to consider the capabilities and burdens of different sociodemographic groups.
Strengths and limitations
The quasi-experimental design allowed this study to compare a treatment and comparison group while including numerous sociodemographic variables, which strengthened the validity of the analysis [
53]. However, the comparison group can differ from the intervention group using a quasi-experimental design [
54]. To strengthen the internal validity, the strategy was to have rather strict exclusion and inclusion criteria to make the comparison group similar to the intervention group. A strength of the present study is the high percentage (approximately 90%) of enrolled parents that completed all questionnaires. The participants in the dropout group (
n = 8) were used in a dropout analysis, which showed no statistical differences between the total sample and dropout group regarding sociodemographic variables such as marital status, educational level, and social class.
With the secured eHealth device, the parents could, among other things, exchange text messages and video calls with the health care professionals. Furthermore, an important feature was the parents’ ability to keep track of their children’s development, i.e. the parents could report their children’s weight, height, and nutrition status. The different ways in which parents could use the eHealth device enabled a broad assessment of eHealth in this paediatric context, which can be seen as a strength in the study.
The study used the validated PedsQL Healthcare Satisfaction Generic Module, which has been used previously to describe and measure perceived satisfaction with paediatric health care [
55,
56]. The instrument assesses parental overall satisfaction as well as dimensions of satisfaction, and it is a more complete measurement tool than many other measurements of this kind. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the PedsQL dimension were all over 0.8 for the information, inclusion, communication, and overall satisfaction dimension and above 0.7 for the technical skills dimension, which is quite satisfactory [
57]. Finally, the study used medians due to the presence of outliers and the skewed nature of the data and the Kruskal–Wallis H test as it is quantile-based and therefore not sensitive to outliers.
Our conclusions are limited to communicative eHealth devices of this sort, and do not refer to other eHealth solutions that may also be advantageous, such as general or more specific homepages or apps for parental information on children’s diseases or care. Also, our conclusions refer to parents of children who have undergone hospital treatment, and not to other parents of children receiving health care. Another limitation in the study is the sample size. A limited sample size can threaten the validity and generalizability of a study [
53]. Studies sometimes use a level of p between 0.05 and 0.1 in the interpretation of findings to compensate for limited statistical power [
58]. This is because only looking at
p < 0.05 as a significance level runs the risk of a statistical error (beta error), with actual differences in the population being missed. Nevertheless, p-values between 0.05 and 0.1. should be interpreted cautiously. The generalizability of comparing the treatment and control groups can be another limitation of this study, since it did not use random allocation into treatment or control groups [
54]. When randomization is not applied, there is a risk of selection bias [
53]. The routine care group (control) and the eHealth supported care group (intervention) differed regarding the children’s conditions and treatments. In the intervention group, parents of children from the paediatric surgery and neonatal departments were included, whereas in the control group only parents of children from the paediatric surgery department were included. Finally, the parents were primarily Swedish born with a high educational level, and all of them spoke Swedish or English. Consequently, the results may not be generalizable to other populations of parents of children receiving hospital treatment.
Conclusions
This study showed high levels of parental satisfaction with paediatric hospital care. The introduction of an eHealth device for communication between parents and health professionals was not associated with lower levels of parents’ satisfaction with care, nor did it substantially increase their satisfaction, despite some specific differences between the mothers and fathers, and by educational levels and social class. eHealth is being used increasingly in the health care sector and could be a tool to alleviate distress among parents. Based on the current study, it is not obvious how and what would need to be done to improve parental satisfaction with care, given the high satisfaction levels, which reflects positively on the Swedish health care system. Parental satisfaction with health care needs to be evaluated with bigger sample sizes and random allocation into eHealth supported care and routine care groups before implementation to further improve paediatric health care.
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