Background
Methods
Results
All infants | ABF | NBF | p value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (n) | sd | Mean (n) | sd | Mean (n) | sd | ||
Age (months) | 5.7 (185) | 1.0 | 5.6 (137) | 1.1 | 5.8 (48) | 0.5 | 0.981 |
Weight (kg) | 7.6 (186) | 0.9 | 7.5 (138) | 0.1 | 7.8 (48) | 1.1 | 0.065 |
Length (cm) | 67.3 (184) | 2.5 | 67.2 (137) | 0.2 | 67.8 (47) | 2.9 | 0.131 |
BMI Z-score | −0.36 (181) | 1.0 | −0.4 (134) | 1.1 | −0.2 (47) | 1.0 | 0.206 |
Solids introduced | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | ||||
Yes | 94 (252) | 93 (175) | 96 (77) | 0.407 | |||
No | 6 (16) | 7 (13) | 4 (3) |
Nutrient | All infants | ABF | NBF | p value | Recommended daily intakea
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 268) | (n = 188) | (n = 80) | ||||||
Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | |||
Protein (%) | 10% | 10% | 11% | |||||
Protein (g) | 15 | 8 | 13 | 7 | 20 | 8 | <0.001 | 14 g |
Total CHO (%) | 52% | 51% | 54% | 55-65% | ||||
Sugars (%) | 32% | 34% | 27% | |||||
Total CHO (g) | 79 | 28 | 69 | 23 | 97 | 30 | <0.001 | |
Sugars (g) | 48 | 13 | 47 | 13 | 49 | 14 | 0.278 | |
Fat (%) | 38% | 39% | 35% | 30-40% | ||||
Fat (g) | 25 | 7 | 24 | 7 | 29 | 9 | <0.001 | |
Sfa (g) | 9 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 0.736 | |
Mufa (g) | 10 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 5 | <0.001 | |
Pufa (g) | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 2 | <0.001 | |
Cholesterol (mg) | 68 | 42 | 83 | 33 | 20 | 27 | <0.001 | |
Fibre (g) | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | <0.001 | |
Starch (g) | 15 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 19 | 15 | <0.001 | |
Sodium (mg) | 373 | 321 | 338 | 297 | 455 | 362 | <0.001 | |
Potassium (mg) | 747 | 408 | 693 | 391 | 875 | 422 | <0.001 | |
Calcium (mg) | 383 | 184 | 307 | 130 | 562 | 168 | <0.001 | 500 mg |
Zinc (mg) | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1 | <0.001 | 3.1 mg |
Iron (mg) | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 6 | <0.001 | |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.2 | <0.001 | 0.3 mg |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.3 | <0.001 | 0.5 mg |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.3 | <0.001 | |
Vitamin B12 (μg) | 0.6 | 1.01 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 2 | <0.001 | |
Vitamin C (mg) | 63 | 32 | 51 | 26 | 92 | 28 | <0.001 | 20 mg |
Vitamin D (μg) | 3 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 2 | <0.001 | 10 μg |
Vitamin E (mg) | 1.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 1 | 1.6 | 1 | 0.631 | 1.14-15.2 mgb
|
Vitamin A (μg) | 315 | 374 | 317 | 390 | 310 | 339 | 0.701 | 350 μg |
Niacin (mg) | 4.4 | 5 | 3.4 | 6 | 6.8 | 2 | <0.001 | 5.4 mg |
Folate (μg) | 98 | 48 | 87 | 47 | 122 | 42 | <0.001 | 24 μg |
Oleic acid (g) | 9 | 4 | 9 | 3 | 11 | 5 | <0.001 | |
Linoleic acid (g) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | <0.001 | 2 gc
|
Linolenic acid (g) | 1.1 | 1 | 0.8 | 1 | 1.6 | 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.2 gc
|
Food group | n | Daily intake (g/d) | Energy intake (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All infants (n = 268) | ABF (n = 188) | NBF (n = 80) | All infants (n = 268) | ||||
Median (IQR) | n (%) | Median (IQR) | n (%) | Median (IQR) | Median (IQR) | ||
Cereals | 193 | 17.8 (8–33) | 128 (68)a
| 17 (8–27) | 65 (81)a
| 24 (9–40) | 11 (5–17) |
Milk, milk products | 268 | 547 (438–693) | 188 (100) | 508 (429–643)a
| 80 (100) | 584 (487–719)a
| 65 (50–85)b
|
Vegetables | 181 | 76 (38–137) | 127 (68) | 73 (37–133) | 54 (68) | 80 (40–142) | 4 (2–7) |
Fruits | 232 | 75 (37–122) | 161 (86) | 69 (30–116)a
| 71 (89) | 93 (48–142)a
| 8 (4–13) |
Spices, salt | 14 | 1 (1–2) | 11 (6) | 2 (1–2) | 3 (4) | 1 (1–4) | 0 (0–0) |
Fish | 26 | 17 (13–33) | 17 (9) | 17 (13–27) | 9 (11) | 13 (13–33) | 2 (1–4) |
Meat | 140 | 26 (10–38) | 89 (47)a
| 20 (10–35) | 51 (64)a
| 27 (10–40) | 3.5 (2–6) |
Fat, oil | 172 | 3 (2–6) | 121 (64) | 4 (2–6) | 51 (64) | 3 (2–7) | 5 (4–9)b
|
Sweets, desserts | 113 | 13 (7–37) | 62 (33)a
| 11 (5–24)a
| 51 (64)a
| 21 (8–58)a
| 7 (4–12)b
|
Tubers | 73 | 32 (14–49) | 47 (25) | 32 (17–53) | 26 (33) | 31 (10–49) | 4 (2–6) |
Broth | 120 | 75 (33–133) | 81 (44) | 71 (27–124) | 38 (48) | 95 (46–147) | 0.4 (0–1) |
Sweet drinks | 19 | 42 (17–100) | 13 (7) | 30 (17–77) | 6 (8) | 51 (33–130) | 4 (2–8) |
Pulses | 11 | 24 (8–50) | 5 (3) | 13 (8–17) | 6 (8) | 42 (24–53) | 2 (2–12) |
Cured meat | 14 | 13 (7–17) | 8 (4) | 13 (7–15) | 6 (8) | 13 (10–17) | 2 (1–4) |