Background
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Methods
Setting/study design
Participants
Initial diagnosis
Hospital records
Follow-up questionnaire
Clinical examination
Statistical analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
Variable | All women with PPSS (n = 19) | All pregnant women in VGR (min-max)a | Pain (n = 10) | No pain (n = 9) | P-value for comparison of persistent pain versus no pain at follow-up | P-value for comparison of all pregnant women in VGRa versus all women with PPSS during pregnancy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Primipara during index delivery | 14 (74) | (43.5) (39.7 in 1994 to 46.3 in 2008) | 8 | 6 | 0.444 | < 0.001 |
2nd/3rd delivery | 5 (26) | 2 | 3 | |||
Pelvic girdle pain during index pregnancy* | 9 (47) | – | 4 | 5 | 1.000 | |
Age at delivery, years | 33 (27–43) | 29.6 (28.0 in 1989 30.5 in 2017) | 33 (28–34) | 32 (27–43) | 0.768 | |
Body mass index at first antenatal care visit | 25.4 (17.0–34.9) | 24.4 (23.4 in 1992 to 25.1 in 2017)b | 26.1 (20.3–29.3) | 24.8 (17.0–34.9) | 0.624 | |
Gestational weeks at delivery, min-max | 40 (34–42) | – | 40 (38–42) | 40 (34–4) | 0.666 | |
Spontaneous contractions | 15 (79) | (89.3) (82.7 in 2017 to 92.3 in 1991)c | 7 | 8 | 0.582 | |
Induction of labour | 4 (21) | 10.6 (7.7 in 1991 to 17.3 in 2017)c | 3 | 1 | 0.582 | 0.408 |
Use of oxytocin | 9 | 4 | 5 | 1.000 | ||
Missing data | 2 | 2 | ||||
Established contractions to delivery, hours, (min-max) | 8.4 (1.5–18) | 10.6 (3.5–18) | 6.4 (1.5–11.8) | 0.152 | ||
Missing data | 5 | 3 | 2 | |||
Duration of second stage of labour, minutes, (min-max) | 38 (7–310) | 36 (16–60) | 38 (7–310) | 0.864 | ||
Missing data | 4 | 4 | – | |||
Birth position | ||||||
On the side | 1 | 1 | – | 0.281 | ||
Lithotomy | 8 | 3 | 5 | |||
Semi-sitting | 3 | – | 3 | |||
Dorsal Recumbent | 5 | 4 | 1 | |||
Missing data | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
Occiput anterior position at delivery | 17 | 8 | 9 | 1.000 | ||
Missing data | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||
Vaginal instrumental delivery | 4 | 6.4 (5.0 in 1989 and 2017 to 7.7 in 2009) | 2 | 2 | 0.509 | 0.003 |
Mid-vacuum extraction | 3 | 2 | 1 | NA | ||
Low-vacuum extraction | 1 | – | 1 | NA | ||
Caesarean section (emergency) | 1 | 13.9 (10.0 in 1991 to 16.7 in 2016) | 1 | – | ||
Total bleeding, ml | 375 (200–1400) | 350 (200–1100) | 425 (300–1400) | 0.508 | ||
Episiotomy | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0.582 | ||
No vaginal tear | 4 | 1 | 3 | 0.213 | ||
Vaginal tear | 10 (53) | 4 | 6 | 0.637 | ||
Perineal tear | 8 (4) | 1 | 7 | 0.620 | ||
Third- or fourth-degree tears | 2 (1) | 1 | 1 | 1.000 | ||
Characteristics of newborns | ||||||
Weight (g), min-max | 3800 2335–4610 | 3516.7 (3488.7 in 2008 in to 3541.8 in 1994) | 3980 2980–4610 | 3670 2335–4610 | 0.4888 | |
Sex (girl) | 6 | 3 | 3 | 1.000 | ||
Sex (boy) | 13 | 7 | 6 | 1.000 | ||
Apgar score ≤ 7 at 5 min | 2 | (1.2) (0.9 in 1994 to 1.41996) | 2 | – | 0.259 | NA |
Perinatal mortality | 1 | 0.79 (0.60 in 2015 to 1.05 in 1990) | 1 | – | 1.000 | NA |
Clinical presentation at diagnosis (hospital record-based data)
Variable | All women (n = 19) | Pain (n = 10) | No pain (n = 9) |
---|---|---|---|
Year of diagnosis | |||
1989–1999 | 3 (16) | 3 (30) | – |
2000–2010 | 7 (37) | 2 (20) | 5 (56) |
2011–2018 | 9 (47) | 5 (50) | 4 (44) |
Age, years | 33 (27–43) | 33 (28–43) | 33 (27–43) |
Last recorded BMI in pregnancy, kg/m2 | 27 (20–36) | 29 (23–36) | 25 (20–34) |
Symptoms | 38.0 (64.8) | 24.6 (29.0) | 49.8 (81.9) |
PPSS debut, hours after delivery, min-max | 0–264.0 | 8.2–72.0 | 0–264.0 |
Pain location | |||
Symphysis pubic | 14 (74) | 7 | 7 |
Sacroiliac joint/s plus hip joints | 11 (58) | 5 | 6 |
Temperature ≥ 37.5 °C | 15 (79) | 7 (70) | 8 (89) |
≥ 37.5 °C, days | 3.3 (1–7) | 3.2 (1–7) | 3.5 (1–6) |
Diagnosis | |||
Ultrasound | 9 (47) | 3 | 6 |
CT | 8 (42) | 4 | 4 |
MRI | 16 (84) | 7 | 9 |
Blood tests | 19 (100) | 10 | 9 |
CRP > 5 at diagnosis | 17 (89) | 8 | 9 |
Leucocytes at diagnosis ×109/L | 15.4 (6.3–20) | 10.8 (7.3–20) | 15.8 (6.3–20) |
Blood culture | 10 (53) | 6 | 4 |
Wound exudate cultivation | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Aspiration of abscess | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Positive blood culture or wound exudate cultivation | 3 | 2 | 1 |
Treatment | |||
Antibiotics | 19 (100) | 10 | 9 |
Different Physiotherapeutic interventions | 14 (74) | 6 | 8 |
Wheel-chair, crutches, walker | 13 (68) | 6 | 7 |
Pelvic belt | 7 | 4 | 3 |
Pain killers, paracetamol | 16 (84) | 7 | 9 |
Pain killers, NSAIDs | 11 (58) | 4 | 7 |
Pain killers, opioids | 13 (68) | 6 | 7 |
Patient-controlled analgesia | 1 | 1 | 0 |
TENS | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Follow-up visit to physician | 14 (74) | 7 | 7 |
Comparison between women with and without LPP at follow-up (hospital record-based data)
Variable | All women (n = 19) | LPP (n = 10) | No LPP (n = 9) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Time since PPSS, years, min-max | 8 (0.5–22) | 8 (0.5–22) | 8 (2–12) | 0.456 |
Highest education level | ||||
Primary/lower secondary school | – | – | – | |
Upper secondary school | 6 (32) | 4 | 2 | |
Post-secondary vocational education and training | 2 (11) | 1 | 1 | |
University degree | 10 (53) | 5 | 5 | 0.655 |
Other | 1 (5) | 0 | 1 | |
Physically active ≥30 min, days/week | 8 (0–7) | 5 (1–7) | 3 (0–7) | 0.395 |
Sick-leave due to persistent PPSS | 2 (11) | 2 | 0 | 0.474 |
Sick-leave due to other | 1 (5) | 0 | 1 | |
PGQ | 9 (0–72) | 27 (9–72) | 0 (0–6) | < 0.001 |
EQ-5D score | 0.880 (0.578–0.969) | 0.740 (0.578–0.8780) | 0.914 (0.868–0.969) | < 0.001 |
EQ–VAS | 80 (30–100) | 65 (30–85) | 84 (66–100) | 0.022 |
HADS-A, sum of scores | 5 (0–9) | 7 (0–17) | 2 (0–9) | 0.010 |
HADS-A > 8 | 5 | 4 | 1 | |
HADS-D, sum of scores | 3 (0–9) | 4.5 (1–9) | 1 (0;-) | 0.028 |
HADS-D, > 8 | 1 (5.26) | 1 | 0 | |
PCS | 9 (3–40) | 8.5 (3–35) | 9 (1–40) | 0.968 |
GSE (half-scale) | 30.5 (23–39) | 29.5 (23–37) | 32 (28–39) | 0.203 |
Patient-reported outcomes (postal questionnaire data)
Clinical examination at follow-up
Variable | n = 8 |
---|---|
Pain on palpation | |
Gluteal muscles | 4 |
Piriformis muscles | 6 |
Tendons in the groins | 5 |
Tendons to the adductor muscles | 4 |
Trochanter major | 8 |
Classification | |
Only painful symphysiolysis | 3 |
One-sided sacroiliac pain | 1 |
One-sided sacroiliac pain + symphysial pain | 2 |
Double-sided sacroiliac pain | – |
Pelvic girdle syndrome | 1 |
Other pain (back pain) | 1 |