Background
Methods
Setting and context
Design and sample
Procedures, coding instrument, and variables
Analysis
Results
Clip Characteristics, n = 192 | |
---|---|
Mean clip length in minutes: seconds ± SD, (range) | 1:09 ± 1:01 (0:11–6:04) |
Location of the story, n (%) | |
Philadelphia | 131 (68.2) |
Local, outside Philadelphia | 10 (5.2) |
National, outside Philadelphia | 45 (23.4) |
Multiple locations | 6 (3.1) |
Framing, n (%) | |
Episodic | 152 (79.2) |
Thematic | 40 (20.8) |
Primary Narrator, n (%) | |
Journalist | 86 (44.8) |
Law enforcement representative | 41 (21.4) |
Community member | 25 (13.0) |
Politician | 16 (8.3) |
Family, friend, and/or neighbor of firearm-injured person | 14 (7.3) |
Lawyer | 3 (1.6) |
Unidentified person | 3 (1.6) |
Bystander and/or witness | 2 (1.0) |
Other | 2 (1.0) |
Firearm-injured person | 0 (0) |
Health and/or public health professional | 0 (0) |
Journalist is primary narrator with police attribution, n (%) | 56 (65.1) |
Visuals, n (%)a | |
Police imagery | 152 (79.2) |
Crime scene | 127 (66.1) |
Photograph and/or interview with firearm-injured person and/or family | 34 (17.7) |
Community event | 34 (17.7) |
Mugshot of alleged perpetrator | 24 (12.5) |
Political press conference | 21 (10.9) |
Video and/or audio of shooting | 14 (7.3) |
Contains harmful content, n (%) | 162 (84.4) |
Mean harmful content score ± SD, (range) | 2.6 ± 1.8 (0–7) |
Specific harmful content elements, n (%): | |
Visual depiction of crime scene | 127 (66.1) |
Story is not a follow-up | 100 (52.1) |
Only narrator is law enforcement | 76 (39.6) |
Number of gunshot wounds | 75 (39.1) |
Clinical condition of firearm-injured person | 57 (29.7) |
Relationship between firearm-injured person and shooter | 25 (13.0) |
Name of treating hospital | 17 (8.9) |
Video or audio depiction of shooting | 14 (7.3) |
Characteristics of firearm-injured people (n = 433) | |
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Mean number of firearm-injured people mentioned per story ± SD, (range) | 2.8 ± 4.5 (1–49) |
Mean age in years ± SD | 25.6 ± 13.0 |
Firearm-injured person is a child (< 18 years), n (%) | |
Yes | 52 (12.0) |
No | 104 (24.0) |
No age provided | 277 (64.0) |
Shooting fatal | |
Yes | 244 (56.4) |
No | 173 (40.0) |
Unknown/Unclear from report | 16 (3.7) |
Race/ethnicity | |
White | 1 (0.2) |
Hispanic | 2 (0.5) |
Black | 24 (5.5) |
Asian | 43 (9.9) |
Mulitracial | 2 (0.5) |
Unknown/Unclear from report | 361 (83.4) |
Gender | |
Male | 165 (38.1) |
Female | 61 (14.1) |
Non-binary | 0 (0.0) |
Unknown/Unclear from report | 207 (47.8) |
Personal information provideda | |
Photograph | 84 (19.4) |
Name | 68 (15.7) |
Family information | 57 (13.2) |
Occupation | 23 (5.3) |
Educational level | 4 (0.9) |
Criminal record | 4 (0.9) |
Mugshot | 0 (0.0) |
None | 292 (67.4) |
Clip Characteristics, n = 192 | |
---|---|
Epidemiologic context, n (%) | |
Data or epidemiologic trends | 33 (17.2) |
Root Causes, n (%) | |
Root causes presented | 21 (10.9) |
Public health root causes | 15 (7.8) |
Public Health Narrators, n (%) | |
Community member | 25 (13.0) |
Politician | 16 (8.3) |
Family, friend, and/or neighbor of firearm-injured person | 14 (7.3) |
Firearm-injured person | 0 (0) |
Health and/or public health professional | 0 (0) |
Public Health Visuals, n (%)a | |
Photograph and/or interview with firearm-injured person and/or family | 34 (17.7) |
Community event | 34 (17.7) |
Solutions, n (%) | |
Mention of prevention, mitigation, and/or solutions | 40 (20.8) |
Public health solutions discussed | 20 (10.4) |
Includes the word “prevent” | 5 (2.6) |
Resources offered | 4 (2.1) |
Episodic, n = 152 | Thematic, n = 40 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean clip length in minutes: seconds ± SD, (range) | 1:08 ± 1:03 (0:11–6:04) | 1:12 ± 0:52 (0:15–3:49) | 0.67 |
Primary Narrator, n (%) | |||
Journalist | 81 (53.3) | 5 (12.5) | < 0.001 |
Law enforcement | 34 (22.4) | 7 (17.5) | 0.50 |
Community member | 10 (6.6) | 15 (37.5) | < 0.001 |
Politician | 5 (3.3) | 11 (27.5) | < 0.001 |
Family, friend, and/or neighbor of firearm-injured person | 13 (8.6) | 1 (2.5) | 0.31 |
Lawyer | 3 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | > 0.999 |
Unidentified person | 2 (1.3) | 1 (2.5) | 0.51 |
Bystander and/or witness | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | > 0.999 |
Other | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | > 0.999 |
Firearm-injured person | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | > 0.999 |
Health and/or public health professional | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | > 0.999 |
Journalist is primary narrator with police attribution, n (%) | 56 (36.8) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
Community representative is shown or heard speaking, n (%) | 21 (13.8) | 19 (47.5) | < 0.001 |
Politician is shown or heard speaking, n (%) | 9 (5.9) | 14 (35.0) | < 0.001 |
Visuals, n (%) | |||
Police imagery | 128 (84.2) | 24 (60.0) | < 0.001 |
Crime scene | 112 (73.7) | 15 (37.5) | < 0.001 |
Photo/interview with firearm-injured person/family | 29 (19.1) | 5 (12.5) | 0.33 |
Mugshot of Perpetrator | 21 (13.8) | 3 (7.5) | 0.28 |
Community Events | 19 (12.5) | 15 (37.5) | < 0.001 |
Video/Audio of Shooting | 12 (7.9) | 2 (5.0) | 0.74 |
Political Press Conference | 7 (4.6) | 14 (35.0) | < 0.001 |
Contains harmful content, n (%) | 142 (93.4) | 20 (50.0) | < 0.001 |
Mean harmful content score + SD, (range) | 3.0 + 1.7 (0–7) | 0.8 ± 0.9 (0–3) | < 0.001 |
Specific harmful content elements, n (%): | |||
Visual depiction of crime scene | 112 (73.7) | 15 (37.5) | < 0.001 |
Story is not a follow-up | 97 (63.8) | 3 (7.5) | < 0.001 |
Only narrator is law enforcement | 74 (48.7) | 2 (5.0) | < 0.001 |
Number of gunshot wounds | 70 (46.1) | 5 (12.5) | < 0.001 |
Clinical condition of firearm-injured person | 54 (35.5) | 3 (7.5) | < 0.001 |
Relationship between firearm-injured person and shooter | 24 (15.8) | 1 (2.5) | 0.03 |
Name of treating hospital | 17 (11.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.03 |
Video or audio depiction of shooting | 12 (7.9) | 2 (5.0) | 0.03 |
Data or Epidemiological Trends, n (%) | 18 (11.8) | 15 (37.5) | < 0.001 |
Root Causes Presented, n (%) | 8 (5.3) | 13 (32.5) | < 0.001 |
Public health froot causes | 4 (2.6) | 11 (27.5) | < 0.001 |
Mention of prevention, mitigation and/or solutions, n (%) | 15 (9.9) | 25 (62.5) | < 0.001 |
Emphasis on prevention, n (%) | |||
No mention of prevention | 137 (90.1) | 11 (27.5) | < 0.001 |
Prevention is mentioned briefly | 11 (7.2) | 13 (32.5) | < 0.001 |
Prevention is a key focus | 2 (1.3) | 13 (32.5) | < 0.001 |
Specific solutions presented, n (%) | 13 (8.6) | 24 (60.0) | < 0.001 |
Resources offered to viewer, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (10.0) | 0.28 |