Background
Materials and methods
Data sources and participants
CT imaging acquisition and evaluation
Outcomes
Data analysis
Results
Study population characteristics
Variables | CIP | Grade 2–4 CIP | Grade 3–4 CIP | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+(n = 44) | -(n = 162) | P value * | +(n = 26) | -(n = 180) | P value * | +(n = 16) | -(n = 190) | P value * | |
Age, years a | 66 [62, 69] | 61 [55, 67] | 0.025 | 66 [62, 70] | 61 [55, 67] | 0.002 | 67 [62, 70] | 61 [55, 67] | 0.018 |
Gender b | |||||||||
Female | 7 (15.9) | 31 (19.1) | 0.787 | 5 (19.2) | 33 (18.3) | 1 | 3 (18.8) | 35 (18.4) | 1 |
Male | 37 (84.1) | 131 (80.9) | 21 (80.8) | 147 (81.7) | 13 (81.2) | 155 (81.6) | |||
ECOG-PS b | |||||||||
0 | 15 (34.1) | 69 (42.6) | 0.127 | 8 (30.8) | 76 (42.2) | 0.538 | 5 (31.2) | 79 (41.6) | 0.524 |
1 | 21 (47.7) | 80 (49.4) | 15 (57.7) | 86 (47.8) | 10 (62.5) | 91 (47.9) | |||
2 | 8 (18.2) | 13 (8.0) | 3 (11.5) | 18 (10.0) | 1 (6.2) | 20 (10.5) | |||
Smoking history b | |||||||||
Never | 8 (18.2) | 47 (29.0) | 0.212 | 6 (23.1) | 49 (27.2) | 0.834 | 4 (25.0) | 51 (26.8) | 1.000 |
Current/ex | 36 (81.8) | 115 (71.0) | 20 (76.9) | 131 (72.8) | 12 (75.0) | 139 (73.2) | |||
Clinical stage b | |||||||||
III | 9 (20.5) | 32 (19.8) | 1.000 | 5 (19.2) | 36 (20.0) | 1.000 | 2 (12.5) | 39 (20.5) | 0.655 |
IV | 35 (79.5) | 130 (80.2) | 21 (80.8) | 144 (80.0) | 14 (87.5) | 151 (79.5) | |||
Histology b | |||||||||
Non-squamous | 21 (47.7) | 106 (65.4) | 0.049 | 8 (30.8) | 119 (66.1) | 0.001 | 5 (31.2) | 122 (64.2) | 0.019 |
Squamous | 23 (52.3) | 56 (34.6) | 18 (69.2) | 61 (33.9) | 11 (68.8) | 68 (35.8) | |||
Prior thoracic radiation therapy b | |||||||||
No | 30 (68.2) | 130 (80.2) | 0.134 | 20 (76.9) | 140 (77.8) | 1.000 | 14 (87.5) | 146 (76.8) | 0.502 |
Yes | 14 (31.8) | 32 (19.8) | 6 (23.1) | 40 (22.2) | 2 (12.5) | 44 (23.2) | |||
ICI drug target b | |||||||||
PD-L1 | 6 (13.6) | 10 (6.2) | 0.186 | 3 (11.5) | 13 (7.2) | 0.706 | 2 (12.5) | 14 (7.4) | 0.802 |
PD-1 | 38 (86.4) | 152 (93.8) | 23 (88.5) | 167 (92.8) | 14 (87.5) | 176 (92.6) | |||
Treatment mode b | |||||||||
Combined therapy | 28 (63.6) | 111 (68.5) | 0.666 | 17 (65.4) | 122 (67.8) | 0.984 | 11 (68.8) | 128 (67.4) | 1.000 |
Monotherapy | 16 (36.4) | 51 (31.5) | 9 (34.6) | 58 (32.2) | 5 (31.2) | 62 (32.6) | |||
Number of ICI cycles a | 12 [22] | 8.00 [4, 14] | 0.013 | 11 [5, 27] | 9 [17] | 0.258 | 8 [4, 15] | 9 [4, 18] | 0.55 |
Best tumor response b | |||||||||
PR | 15 (34.1) | 72 (44.4) | 0.466 | 11 (42.3) | 76 (42.2) | 0.397 | 7 (43.8) | 80 (42.1) | 0.595 |
SD | 23 (52.3) | 72 (44.4) | 10 (38.5) | 85 (47.2) | 6 (37.5) | 89 (46.8) | |||
PD | 6 (13.6) | 18 (11.1) | 5 (19.2) | 19 (10.6) | 3 (18.8) | 21 (11.1) | |||
Line of ICI therapy b | |||||||||
1 | 15 (34.1) | 67 (41.4) | 0.055 | 11 (42.3) | 71 (40.3) | 0.152 | 5 (31.2) | 77 (40.5) | 0.331 |
2 | 22 (50.0) | 62 (38.3) | 12 (46.2) | 72 (40.9) | 10 (62.5) | 74 (39.0) | |||
≥ 3 | 6 (13.6) | 29 (17.9) | 2 (7.7) | 33(18.8) | 1 (6.3) | 34 (17.9) | |||
Missing data | 1 (2.3) | 4 (2.4) | 1 (3.8) | 4 (2.4) | 0 | 5 (2.6) | |||
PD-L1 expression b(n = 88) | 0.793 | 0.730 | 0.422 | ||||||
< 1% | 11 (57.9) | 43 (62.3) | 11 (57.9) | 43 (62.3) | 3 (42.9) | 51 (63.0) | |||
≥ 1% | 8 (42.1) | 26 (37.7) | 4 (44.4) | 30 (38.0) | 4 (57.1) | 30 (37.0) | |||
EGFR mutation or ALK fusion b(n = 78) | |||||||||
No | 15 (93.8) | 52 (83.9) | 0.444 | 7 (87.5) | 60 (85.7) | 0.891 | 5 (83.3) | 62 (86.1) | 0.851 |
Yes | 1 (6.3) | 10 (16.1) | 1 (12.5) | 10 (14.3) | 1 (16.7) | 10 (13.9) | |||
ILA b † | |||||||||
Without ILA | 23 (52.3) | 114 (70.4) | 0.081 | 14 (53.8) | 123 (68.3) | 0.173 | 10 (62.4) | 127 (66.8) | 0.926 |
Equivocal ILA | 10 (22.7) | 22 (13.6) | 4 (15.4) | 28 (15.6) | 3 (18.8) | 29 (15.3) | |||
With ILA | 11 (25.0) | 26 (16.0) | 8 (30.8) | 29 (16.1) | 3 (18.8) | 34 (17.9) | |||
Fibrosis percentage in: | |||||||||
Whole lung c | 1.25 (3.43) | 0.62 (1.62) | 0.081 | 1.69 (4.41) | 0.62 (1.55) | 0.016 | 1.88 (5.55) | 0.66 (1.55) | 0.028 |
LUL c | 1.43 (5.58) | 0.47 (1.53) | 0.053 | 0.88 (1.55) | 0.54 (1.76) | 0.347 | 2.53 (9.13) | 0.52 (1.52) | 0.008 |
LLL c | 1.43 (3.85) | 1.76 (7.22) | 0.774 | 1.92 (7.17) | 0.49 (1.52) | 0.020 | 0.84 (3.01) | 1.76 (6.85) | 0.596 |
RUL c | 1.14 (2.72) | 1.00 (2.58) | 0.755 | 1.11 (2.90) | 1.02 (2.57) | 0.866 | 1.15 (3.39) | 1.02 (2.54) | 0.849 |
RML c | 0.14 (0.33) | 0.20 (0.66) | 0.551 | 0.12 (0.34) | 0.20 (0.64) | 0.561 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.20 (0.63) | 0.197 |
RLL c | 1.02 (2.29) | 0.79 (4.28) | 0.731 | 1.30 (2.81) | 0.77 (4.07) | 0.527 | 0.68 (1.62) | 0.85 (4.07) | 0.863 |
Lobes involved Fibrosis b | |||||||||
0 | 14 (31.8) | 59 (36.4) | 0.041 | 10 (38.5) | 63 (35.0) | 0.127 | 9 (56.2) | 64 (33.7) | 0.120 |
1 | 4 (9.1) | 35 (21.6) | 2 (7.7) | 37 (20.6) | 1 (6.2) | 38 (20.0) | |||
2 | 13 (29.5) | 22 (13.6) | 8 (30.8) | 27 (15.0) | 4 (25.0) | 31 (16.3) | |||
≥ 3 | 13 (29.5) | 46 (28.4) | 6 (23.1) | 53 (29.4) | 2 (12.5) | 57 (30.0) | |||
GGO percentage in: | |||||||||
Whole lung c | 1.08 (3.38) | 0.17 (0.68) | 0.002 | 1.70 (4.31) | 0.18 (0.65) | < 0.001 | 1.63 (3.83) | 0.26 (1.35) | 0.002 |
LUL c | 1.13 (6.19) | 0.17 (1.62) | 0.077 | 1.19 (3.50) | 0.21 (0.92) | 0.021 | 0.24 (0.90) | 0.39 (3.32) | 0.865 |
LLL c | 0.06 (0.20) | 0.13 (0.97) | 0.650 | 1.73 (8.00) | 0.18 (1.57) | 0.572 | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.13 (0.90) | 0.580 |
RUL c | 0.34 (1.20) | 0.13 (0.72) | 0.137 | 0.27 (1.32) | 0.16 (0.76) | 0.539 | 0.44 (1.68) | 0.15 (0.74) | 0.193 |
RML c | 0.15 (0.71) | 0.63 (4.79) | 0.504 | 0.25 (0.92) | 0.57 (4.55) | 0.720 | 0.40 (1.16) | 0.54 (4.42) | 0.903 |
RLL c | 1.99 (8.09) | 0.20 (1.90) | 0.010 | 3.25 (10.41) | 0.20 (1.81) | < 0.001 | 5.27 (13.01) | 0.19 (1.76) | < 0.001 |
Lobes involved GGO b | |||||||||
0 | 23 (52.3) | 114 (70.4) | 0.048 | 14 (53.8) | 123 (68.3) | 0.123 | 11 (68.8) | 126 (66.3) | 0.831 |
1 | 14 (31.8) | 31 (19.1) | 8 (30.8) | 37 (20.6) | 4 (25.0) | 41 (21.6) | |||
2 | 6 (13.6) | 9 (5.6) | 4 (15.4) | 11 (6.1) | 1 (6.2) | 14 (7.4) | |||
≥ 3 | 1 (2.3) | 8 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (5.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (4.7) | |||
Consolidation percentage in: | |||||||||
Whole lung c | 2.40 (3.10) | 2.05 (3.50) | 0.557 | 2.27 (3.30) | 2.11 (3.44) | 0.821 | 2.04 (2.86) | 2.13 (3.46) | 0.913 |
LUL c | 2.05 (4.95) | 3.28 (9.86) | 0.426 | 2.67 (6.92) | 2.57 (5.21) | 0.933 | 2.02 (5.03) | 3.10 (9.31) | 0.649 |
LLL c | 2.15 (6.00) | 1.66 (5.56) | 0.615 | 2.53 (5.74) | 3.09 (9.44) | 0.769 | 1.41 (4.23) | 1.80 (5.75) | 0.795 |
RUL c | 4.48 (10.63) | 3.66 (9.68) | 0.627 | 3.06 (8.60) | 3.95 (10.05) | 0.668 | 2.31 (6.02) | 3.96 (10.12) | 0.521 |
RML c | 2.16 (5.85) | 1.37 (5.32) | 0.390 | 2.68 (7.08) | 1.37 (5.16) | 0.251 | 2.45 (5.62) | 1.46 (5.42) | 0.489 |
RLL c | 3.79 (9.37) | 3.76 (10.17) | 0.986 | 3.06 (7.25) | 3.87 (10.33) | 0.699 | 2.90 (4.74) | 3.84 (10.30) | 0.716 |
Lobes involved consolidation b | |||||||||
0 | 6 (13.6) | 19 (11.7) | 0.667 | 5 (19.2) | 20 (11.1) | 0.547 | 3 (18.8) | 22 (11.6) | 0.644 |
1 | 12 (27.3) | 53 (32.7) | 6 (23.1) | 59 (32.8) | 4 (25.0) | 61 (32.1) | |||
2 | 13 (29.5) | 35 (21.6) | 7 (26.9) | 41 (22.8) | 5 (31.2) | 43 (22.6) | |||
≥ 3 | 13 (29.5) | 55 (34.0) | 8 (30.8) | 60 (33.3) | 4 (25.0) | 64 (33.7) | |||
WBC (109/L) c | 6.95 (2.14) | 6.89 (2.58) | 0.902 | 6.81 (2.11) | 6.92 (2.54) | 0.847 | 6.87 (2.39) | 6.91 (2.50) | 0.960 |
NEU (109/L) c | 4.65 (1.71) | 5.72 (7.90) | 0.392 | 4.48 (1.65) | 5.64 (7.51) | 0.446 | 4.79 (1.63) | 5.55 (7.33) | 0.680 |
LYM (109/L) c | 1.50 (0.68) | 1.81 (3.15) | 0.526 | 1.55 (0.72) | 1.77 (2.99) | 0.704 | 1.38 (0.70) | 1.78 (2.91) | 0.585 |
PLT (109/L) c | 249.90 (87.56) | 246.19 (93.93) | 0.821 | 241.92 (89.88) | 247.82 (92.96) | 0.767 | 259.62 (100.60) | 245.82 (91.73) | 0.569 |
MONO (109/L) c | 0.62 (0.23) | 0.57 (0.27) | 0.390 | 0.62 (0.26) | 0.58 (0.26) | 0.483 | 0.59 (0.23) | 0.58 (0.27) | 0.909 |
AEC (109/L) c | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.31) | 0.440 | 0.14 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.29) | 0.441 | 0.15 (0.11) | 0.19 (0.29) | 0.574 |
Hb (g/L) c | 129.02 (18.65) | 128.97 (20.59) | 0.987 | 127.56 (20.38) | 129.20 (20.14) | 0.706 | 127.50 (24.58) | 129.12 (19.73) | 0.759 |
ALB (g/L) c | 41.00 (4.58) | 40.77 (4.81) | 0.786 | 41.19 (4.88) | 40.76 (4.74) | 0.671 | 41.95 (4.55) | 40.72 (4.77) | 0.320 |