Introduction
Materials and methods
Ethics
Study participants
Sample collection and laboratory procedure
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of study participants
Characteristics | Total | Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 195 | n = 21 | n = 120 | n = 54 | ||
Gestational age (weeks) | 38.7 ± 1.1 | 39.0 ± 0.86 | 38.6 ± 1.1 | 38.7 ± 1.1 | 0.17 |
Birthweight (kg) | 3.37 ± 0.43 | 3.58 ± 0.44 | 3.33 ± 0.45 | 3.37 ± 0.39 | 0.13 |
Boys/girls | 104/91 | 12/9 | 62/58 | 30/24 | 0.83 |
Vaginal delivery/caesarean section | 26/169 | 5/16 | 14/106 | 7/47 | 0.31 |
Trends and RI establishment for common biochemical analytes
Analytes | 3-level Nested ANOVA | Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SDR-dm | SDR-sex | SDR-age | median | IQR | median | IQR | median | IQR | median | IQR | |
CO2, mmol/L | 0.221 | 0.000 | 0.100 | 24 | 22-25 | 21 | 20-23 | 21 | 19-25 | 22 | 20-24 |
Cl, mmol/L | 0.222 | 0.000 | 0.319 | 101 | 95-104 | 103 | 100-104 | 102 | 97-105 | 102 | 98-104 |
K, mmol/L | 0.431 | 0.000 | 0.231 | 3.9 | 3.6-4.3 | 4.0 | 3.7-4.3 | 4.2 | 3.8-4.5 | 4.0 | 3.7-4.4 |
Na, mmol/L | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.021 | 135 | 133-136 | 135 | 133-137 | 135 | 133-136 | 135 | 133-137 |
Ca, mmol/L | 0.285 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.97 | 1.88-2.01 | 1.92 | 1.83-2.03 | 1.96 | 1.81-2.04 | 1.95 | 1.83-2.03 |
Mg, mmol/L | 0.264 | 0.000 | 0.323 | 0.77 | 0.76-0.80 | 0.80 | 0.76-0.84 | 0.80 | 0.78-0.87 | 0.80 | 0.76-0.84 |
P, mmol/L | 0.673 | 0.139 | 0.091 | 2.11 | 1.85-2.36 | 2.28 | 2.10-2.43 | 2.18 | 2.07-2.39 | 2.25 | 2.07-2.42 |
Fe, μmol/L | 0.151 | 0.000 | 0.411 | 8.4 | 7.1-9.4 | 9.4 | 8.3-11.0 | 10.6 | 8.7-12.8 | 9.6 | 8.3-11.3 |
TIBC, μmol/L | 0.278 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 42.0 | 40.0-44.4 | 40.4 | 37.8-43.0 | 39.9 | 37.2-43.7 | 40.5 | 37.7-43.3 |
BUN, mmol/L | 0.580 | 0.000 | 0.519 | 2.53 | 1.75-3.14 | 1.65 | 1.14-2.25 | 1.08 | 0.78-1.63 | 1.57 | 1.05-2.15 |
Cr, μmol/L | 0.121 | 0.000 | 0.670 | 61 | 52-67 | 52 | 48-60 | 46 | 42-52 | 51 | 45-60 |
UA, μmol/L | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.675 | 278 | 183-308 | 209 | 164-244 | 146 | 130-189 | 186 | 145-241 |
ALT, U/L | 0.164 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 30 | 27-32 | 30 | 22-35 | 31 | 25-34 | 30 | 24-34 |
ALP, U/L | 0.096 | 0.228 | 0.000 | 143 | 129-155 | 150 | 123-167 | 156 | 141-172 | 151 | 127-168 |
AST, U/L | 0.000 | 0.272 | 0.180 | 56 | 52-83 | 52 | 44-63 | 52 | 42-63 | 53 | 44-63 |
CHE, U/L | 0.325 | 0.000 | 0.167 | 4326 | 4060-4983 | 4266 | 3871-4696 | 4272 | 4069-4458 | 4279 | 3897-4655 |
GGT, U/L | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 133 | 91-169 | 129 | 86-169 | 113 | 88-142 | 122 | 86-169 |
CK, U/L | 0.000 | 0.213 | 0.251 | 412 | 297-470 | 318 | 233-414 | 238 | 157-382 | 304 | 203-415 |
CK-MB, U/L | 0.066 | 0.116 | 0.000 | 22 | 18-26 | 24 | 18-30 | 22 | 18-29 | 23 | 18-30 |
LDH, U/L | 0.000 | 0.146 | 0.246 | 1247 | 972-1330 | 1149 | 1022-1270 | 1039 | 928-1230 | 1120 | 985-1285 |
Alb, g/L | 0.263 | 0.215 | 0.116 | 33.7 | 30.8-36.3 | 32.7 | 30.8-34.3 | 32.3 | 30.3-34.7 | 32.7 | 30.7-34.7 |
TP, g/L | 0.314 | 0.190 | 0.000 | 47.1 | 45.6-50.8 | 48.0 | 45.5-52.0 | 49.6 | 45.6-52.2 | 48.2 | 45.5-52.1 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 0.117 | 0.000 | 0.315 | 0.62 | 0.55-0.80 | 0.67 | 0.58-0.81 | 0.71 | 0.59-0.83 | 0.68 | 0.58-0.82 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.319 | 0.56 | 0.51-0.80 | 0.57 | 0.45-0.80 | 0.90 | 0.56-1.15 | 0.63 | 0.48-0.91 |
TCHO, mmol/L | 0.125 | 0.000 | 0.618 | 1.57 | 1.29-1.85 | 1.60 | 1.38-1.92 | 2.08 | 1.65-2.39 | 1.73 | 1.39-2.05 |
TG, mmol/L | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.517 | 0.64 | 0.56-0.77 | 0.70 | 0.58-0.86 | 1.02 | 0.77-1.26 | 0.74 | 0.58-0.95 |
Analytes | Age | Lower Limit (90% CI) | Upper Limit (90% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Chemistry | |||
CO2, mmol/L | 1–3 d | 16 (16–17) | 28 (28–29) |
Cl, mmol/L | 1–3 d | 92 (91–93) | 108 (108–109) |
K, mmol/L | 1–3 d | 3.3 (3.2–3.4) | 5.4 (5.1–5.6) |
Na, mmol/L | 1–3 d | 131 (130–131) | 140 (140–141) |
Ca, mmol/L | 1–3 d | 1.53 (1.42–1.61) | 2.15 (2.12–2.16) |
Mg, mmol/L | 1–3 d | 0.68 (0.65–0.70) | 0.94 (0.91–0.96) |
P, mmol/L | 1–3 d | 1.70 (1.64–1.78) | 2.75 (2.68–2.84) |
Fe, μmol/L | 1 d | 5.2 (4.6–5.9) | 14.6 (12.1–17.2) |
2 d | 6.8 (6.6–7.0) | 15.9 (14.6–17.4) | |
3 d | 6.4 (5.9–7.1) | 18.1 (16.3–19.8) | |
TIBC, μmol/L | 1–3 d | 32.9 (31.9–35.1) | 52.4 (50.5–55.5) |
BUN, mmol/L | 1 d | 0.71a | 5.72 (4.58–6.87) |
2 d | 0.71a | 3.77 (3.58–4.23) | |
3 d | 0.71a | 3.55 (2.56–5.04) | |
Cr, μmol/L | 1 d | 41 (35–47) | 82 (76–87) |
2 d | 38 (37–40) | 76 (72–80) | |
3 d | 31 (29–34) | 65 (60–69) | |
UA, μmol/L | 1 d | 99 (68–151) | 454 (388–512) |
2 d | 97 (87–110) | 335 (318–351) | |
3 d | 78 (69–88) | 271 (236–300) | |
Enzymes | |||
ALT, U/L | 1–3 d | 6a | 44 (41–46) |
ALP, U/L | 1–3 d | 91 (83–103) | 229 (214–240) |
AST, U/L | 1–3 d | 29 (29–33) | 101 (92–115) |
CHE, U/L | 1–3 d | 3299 (3272–3397) | 6491 (5838–6736) |
GGT, U/L | 1–3 d | 42 (39–54) | 302 (280–316) |
CK, U/L | 1–3 d | 95 (89–109) | 715 (566–773) |
CK-MB, U/L | 1–3 d | 12 (11–13) | 40 (39–41) |
LDH, U/L | 1–3 d | 651 (570–720) | 1577 (1524–1620) |
Proteins | |||
Alb, g/L | 1–3 d | 28 (27–28) | 40 (39–43) |
TP, g/L | 1–3 d | 41 (40–41) | 59 (57–61) |
Lipids/Lipoproteins | |||
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1–3 d | 0.43 (0.39–0.46) | 1.13 (1.04–1.19) |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 1–3 d | 0.20 (0.17–0.22) | 1.48 (1.26–1.76) |
TCHO, mmol/L | 1–2 d | 1.29a | 2.57 (2.46–3.11) |
3 d | 1.29a | 3.16 (2.96–3.37) | |
TG, mmol/L | 1–2 d | 0.38 (0.33–0.43) | 1.25 (1.12–1.55) |
3 d | 0.32 (0.22–0.44) | 1.84 (1.66–2.01) |