Risk of coronary heart disease in patients with periodontitis among the middled-aged and elderly in China: a cohort study

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that affect the supporting structures of the teeth, which could lead to tooth loss and contribute to systemic inflammation [1]. Bacteremia and systemic inflammatory caused by periodontitis are important factors in the initiation of the endothelial lesion as well as in the potentiation of the vascular wall inflammatory process that lead to the development of atherosclerosis causally [2]. Chronic infections due to periodontitis is one of the most common chronic infections have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis [3].

Although periodontitis as a risk factor for CHD is plausible biologically, convincing evidence is lacking [4‐6]. It is difficult to interpret the association due to common risk factors such as diabetes and smoking are shared between CHD and periodontitis [7, 8].

According to the China’s Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey of 2017 [9], periodontal health condition becomes increasingly worse among the middled-aged and elderly in China. Meanwhile, CHD is the second leading cause of cardiovascular death in the Chinese population [10]. Unfortunately, there were no cohort studies estimating the association between CHD and periodontitis in Chinese populations. We aimed to speculate whether periodontitis is a direct risk factor for CHD among the middled-aged and elderly in China and quantify mediation/confounding effects due to shared factors.

The final analysis included 4591 individuals. Average age at baseline was 53.9 years. During the follow-up period, 133 participants were diagnosed with CHD. At baseline, 1268 (27.6%) participants were diagnosed with periodontitis. During the follow-up period, 55 patients developed CHD from among those with periodontitis. In the non-periodontitis group, CHD occurred in 78 patients. A significant association was seen between periodontitis at baseline and incident CHD (p < 0.001). The detailed information of the baseline characteristics was presented in Table 1.

The adjusted RRs and 95% CIs of periodontitis for the risk of CHD are shown in Table 2. Periodontitis was weakly associated with the risk of CHD when adjusted for age and sex (RR 1.35; 95% CI 0.95–1.91). In Model 2 and Model 3, periodontitis was weakly associated with an increased risk of CHD before multiple imputation in the participants with incomplete data, although the association were not statistically significant. In the analysis using the imputed dataset and fully adjusted model, we observed that periodontitis was weakly associated with the risk of CHD overall (p = 0.07). Participants with periodontitis at baseline had 37% increased risk of CHD overall compared to those without periodontitis at baseline (RR 1.37; 95% CI 0.96–1.95).

The test results and identified potential mediators/confounders was shown in Table S2 (Additional file 1). Age, sex, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, UA, and education were chosen as potential mediator/confounder. Figure 2 shows the RE for the CHD from the MART model. If the “Age” could be set equivalent among participants with and without periodontitis, the effect of periodontitis on CHD would reduce by 49%. Other variables such as sex (8%), history of diabetes (6%), and history of hypertension (6%) also significantly explain the association. An interesting variable is education, which have a negative relative effect (− 2%) (opposite to the total effect), but this association were not statistically significant (95% CI − 0.10 to 0.02). All the mediators/confounders explained most of the effect of periodontitis on CHD (RE 0.76; 95% CI 0.41–1.02). The detailed results of the multiple mediation analysis were presented in Table S3 (Additional file 1).

Figure 3 shows the marginal effect of the significant variables in MART model, and the distribution of the variables in participants with and without periodontitis at baseline, respectively. Compared with those without periodontitis at baseline, participants with periodontitis at baseline have more older participants, male, and higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension. All those factors were associated with an increased risk of CHD.

The main finding of this prospective cohort study was that periodontitis was weakly associated with an increased risk for CHD among the middled-aged and elderly in China. Previous epidemic studies in other regions have shown associations between periodontitis and CHD, and most of existing ones are biased towards periodontitis is a risk factor for CHD [5]. However, some studies found no significant relationship between periodontitis and CHD [16‐18]. This may be attributed to differences in the target population and the definition of periodontitis. In some studies, periodontitis was self-reported, and then no significant results were found [16, 18]. Some studies found significant results when periodontal pocket was used as a main indicator of periodontitis [19, 20]. Basing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in partnership with the American Academy of Periodontology case definitions [21], Niramol et al. found a significant association between severe periodontitis and the incidence of CHD [22]. In our study, periodontal pocket depth greater than 3 mm is a main indicator for periodontitis.

We noted that a stronger association was obtained when the missing data in Model 4 were simulated. However, the result obtained from original data was not significant. The likely reason for this is that the participants who completed questionnaires had a degree of heterogeneity. In these people, 2133 participants had received the high school or above education, and only 248 participants had received the below high school education. When we fitted model adjusted only for age and sex using this data, the result was not significant (RR 1.25; 95% CI 0.78–1.99). After applying multiple imputation, potential bias caused by including only participants with complete information were minimized.

We observed that age, sex, history of diabetes, and history of hypertension have a significant indirect effect in explaining the effect of periodontitis on CHD. Almost half of the effect of periodontitis on CHD that can be explained by age. It should be noted that the age is reported in years, which means age may explain more disparity for this association. For sex, previous studies identified that men disproportionately develop periodontal diseases due to a combination of biological and gender related reasons including immune system factors, hormone differences, poorer oral hygiene behaviors, and greater tobacco use [23]. Compared with women, men also reported a significantly higher prevalence of CHD [24, 25]. For diabetes, some epidemiological studies and reviews have reported that periodontitis is a potential risk factor for diabetes mellitus. In fact, early blood glucose fluctuations are thought to be associated with development of poor oral health [26]; There may be a bidirectional association between oral health and type 2 diabetes [27]. Meanwhile, most patients who have type 2 diabetes mellitus develop vascular complications [28]. For hypertension, the occurrence of periodontitis leads to an increase in blood pressure [29]. Periodontitis can also lead to ineffectiveness of antihypertensive [30, 31]. Hypertension is also a risk factor for CHD among middle to old age [32, 33].

In addition, we also found UA is a potential mediator. Epidemiology studies suggested that UA levels were positively associated with periodontitis [34, 35]. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major periodontopathogen, and its gingipain proteases play a critical role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. gingipain-induced UA can mediate inflammation in periodontal tissue cells [36]. UA is also associated with the risk of incident CHD [37]. The role of UA in the link between periodontitis and CHD requires further study.

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first cohort study investigation of the association between periodontitis and CHD among the middled-aged and elderly in China, and we first used multiple mediation analysis to quantify the relative effects from different risk factors on the effect of periodontitis on CHD. This study will enhance our understanding of the association between CHD and periodontitis, and provide epidemiologic evidence in Chinese population. However, this study has some limitations. First, oxidative stress [38] and genetic factors [39, 40] may also mediate the association. We did not collect relevant variables. Second, we did not distinguish the severity of periodontitis. Third, among those who completed the questionnaire, better-educated people were vastly outnumbered by Less educated people. Moreover, the observed associations of this single-center study needed further validation in other cohorts.

In summary, periodontitis was weakly associated with an increased risk of CHD among the middled-aged and elderly in China. However, most of the association can be explained by age, sex, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, UA and education. Further studies are required to identify more mediators and elucidate the mechanisms of how periodontitis increases the risk of CHD.