Introduction
Risk refers to the presence of factors that increase the probability of adverse consequences [
1]. In contrast, risk perception is defined as a person’s expectancy about the probability of an event [
2]. Risk perception affects people’s health behavior and healthcare decisions [
3‐
5]. People in many situations perceived themselves at lesser risk than average others [
6]. Risk perception was a key component in many health behavior change theories [
7].
The risk approach is one strategy to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity [
1]. Pregnancy risk typically relies on scores derived from the risk assessment tools scored by healthcare providers. Risk assessment is a process started early in pregnancy. According to the risk approach, previous or current obstetric risk factors and events are systematically examined, and risk factors that require close examination are identified for appropriate treatment [
8,
9]. These tools focus excessively on factors statistically associated with poor pregnancy outcomes and are usually skewed toward the biophysical domain [
10]. Mitigating high-risk conditions include adherence to early and frequent antenatal care, medical treatments, reduced risk behaviors, and overall health [
11]. Contrary to the expected outcome, considerable differences exist between the proportion of pregnant women identified as “at-risk” and those who attend referral-level care in low-income countries [
12,
13]. Evidence shows that expert-defined at-risk status had little influence on a woman’s decision to seek hospital care [
9].
Individual risk understanding is dependent on personal life philosophy, previous experience, history, and the sociocultural context [
14]. Pregnant women understand the risk from the social approach, where the risk is influenced by the social, cultural, and political milieu in which they live [
14]. High-risk pregnant women weigh up many factors and determine how they perceive the risks they face [
4]. Risk perception mainly consists of two elements: (i) a statistical assessment of how likely an event is likely to occur and (ii) a psychological component, including how women feel about the risk [
4,
15]. The statistical assessment can influence how healthcare providers present the risk, but people understand statistics at their level [
16]. The psychological component is affected by factors like life experience, coping strategies, and the context in which the risk occurs [
15].
Pregnant women have different perceptions and interpretations of danger signs [
9]. Women made decisions based on their perceptions of whether their risk had increased or decreased rather than on the actual numeric risk [
17]. Women subjectively appraise their pregnancy risk [
10]; however, the general concept of pregnancy risk perceptions has received scant attention. Researchers have indicated that risk perception in pregnancy is highly individualized, not exclusively based on medical diagnoses [
5,
18]. This study aimed to explore the risk perception of women with a high-risk pregnancy.
Subtheme 2. Reasons for inadequate knowledge about risk
Getting married at a young age was socioculturally acceptable in the community where the participants resided. Hence, younger age childbirth was not considered a risk. Women who married young did not have much exposure about pregnancy or childbirth risks. According to some participants’ mothers (few guardians stayed with participants during the interview), their daughters were too young to know about all these risks.
In our study, four newly married women mentioned that they just stayed at home. They did not have many friends and did not talk much with other family members.
From the beginning, I just stay at home. I don’t wander around, so how may I know? [laughs]. Until now, everyone is fine. All of my family members have given birth in good condition. (P0014)
Three participants were pregnant out of wedlock. They were brought to the partner’s house after the pregnancy disclosure. They remained unmarried at the time of the interview. It might be the reason for living in confinement or isolation and engaging in less communication with other family members. In addition, most of the women’s husbands lived away from home or abroad for work which left them vulnerable at home.
Theme 2: Normalizing and non-acceptance of risk
Subtheme 1: Childbirth involves risk, but it is normal
The majority of participants did not relate the potential risks to themselves while giving birth. They considered pregnancy as a normal event and elements of threat during childbirth are unavoidable risk in every childbirth. The fate is in the hands of God. Furthermore, participants and their family members were mostly busy with household chores; discussionon pregnancy risks and planning for childbirth is not important.
Everyone has given birth at home, even my sisters-in-law. That’s why I don’t think about these things [risks]. (P0014)
Each of the participants had at least one or more risk factors for a high-risk pregnancy. The participants who understood that they were at-risk were frightened that anything could happen to them. Some felt threatened for themselves and their unborn child. One participant grieved about her lost newborn. Younger participants did not know how to share their emotions; they just giggled and laughed and did not show feelings of being at-risk.
The women’s previous history of loss of newborns changed their health-seeking behavior in the subsequent pregnancy. One participant who lost her newborn after homebirth led her to adhere to medical advice in the current pregnancy. In contrast, a participant who lost her child during institutional birth decided to give birth at home—a decision supported by all her family members.
The majority of participants still intend to give birth at home in future pregnancies even after experiencing risk in their current pregnancy or childbirth. What is supposed to happen would happen in the subsequent pregnancy.
Subtheme 2: Risk denial and willingness to take risk
Although participants had some knowledge of risk, women did not consider themselves at risk, especially if they were not well communicated by the healthcare providers. They felt that terrible things would not happen, and they were not in life-threatening situations. They were confident that they can have a normal home birth. One participant believed that she was under the influence of witchcraft causing problems in her pregnancy.
Despite informing about risk and advice for delivery at referral centers, someparticipants delivered at the nearby basic birthing centers or even homebirth. The reasons were either because it was late at night in winter andno money for ambulance service. The homebirths wereassisted by the traditional birth attendant.
Younger nulliparous participants were unsure about labor pains and needed confirmation from other women family members. They endured labor pain for a few days because it was not their expected date of birth. Few women in nuclear families did not inform their husbands, endured the labor pain and gave birth at home.
At home, I was in labor pain for three days. It contracts and leaves. I thought the date had not yet approached. That’s why I didn’t even tell my husband. And after two days, I told my husband that I have this contraction which comes and goes, I don’t know what this is. Maybe I am about to give birth. One also believes that until the given date, one should wait, isn’t it? And it didn’t stop. After midnight the contraction got severe. Once it was morning, we went. (P0011)
Some participants believed in fate and were willing to take the risk of homebirth. Death was a matter of luck, and if they were meant to live, then childbirth will cause no harm.
If food is left in one’s fate, then no one can kill you. If not then, one will just die. (P006)
One woman informed that she had given birth to seven children alone. Recently, the umbilical cord was wrapped around her baby’s neck three times. She removed the cord and cut it herself.
The majority of participants decided to have a homebirth after repeatedly stable findings in antenatal check-ups. Eleven of fourteen participants had completed the required four antenatal check-ups. They adhered to the routine follow-up, underwent two to three times ultrasonography of the abdomenand at least once blood and urine examination. These procedures gave them reassurance of normal pregnancies and delivered at home.
Discussion
This study exposed women’s lack of understanding on risk in pregnancy and childbirth, especially among younger age group. Even if they were aware of the high-risk pregnancy, they denied and risk home birth. The high-risk women involved in this study were incidentally from a socially deprived community, young and less educated. Other studies have shown that women from lower socioeconomic and less-educated groups display less concern about pregnancy health risks than women from higher socioeconomic groups [
14,
27,
28]. Although concerned, less-educated women seemed to embrace a less expansive range of worries and tended to access information on a “need-to-know” basis [
14].
In this study, most women with high-risk pregnancies inadequately express the understanding of risk in pregnancy or childbirth. They knew they were at risk because of the referral by the healthcare providers. The majority of participants were unable to describe the meaning of risk possibly because they were very young. Laughter was their common expression.
On the contrary, women in high-income countries with high-risk pregnancies were aware of the risk to themselves and their infants [
29]. At-risk women were highly concerned about their fetus’s health and sought reassurance by attending multiple ultrasonic scans and genetic tests [
14]. Educated women actively seek information after knowing they were atrisk. Still, it did little to reassure them and instead seemed to heighten their anxieties [
14].
In this study, women’s knowledge sources on risk were their own experiences of risk, immediate family members and relatives’ stories, and health workers’ advice. Women use multiple sources of information to determine their risk status [
4,
30]. They weigh risk information obtained from various sources [
10,
16]. A meta-synthesis of the risk perception of high-risk pregnant women suggested that they do not necessarily put more weight on professionals’ advice; instead, they trusted family members’ and friends’ advice, especially from women who had similar experiences [
18].
Women’s experience of loss of a newborn influenced their choice of subsequent birthplace, in our study. Perceptions of risk for a woman were tied to her previous experiences, personal philosophies, personal biases, beliefs, and intuitive knowledge [
4,
31,
32]. Poor obstetric history influenced women’s perception of risk [
5].
The association between perception of risk and anxiety was consistent across studies [
5,
33]. Women whose pregnancies are considered high-risk were confronted with emotionally complex situations, where they may respond with fear, frustration, anger, and hope [
34]. How women feel about their pregnancies is affected by how they perceive the level of risk, which affects their health behavior [
17]. Labeling women as having a high-risk pregnancy adds additional stress [
5,
31,
35].
The majority of our study participants had experienced a risk event in their current or previous pregnancy. Overall, these risk events did not change their intention of giving birth at home in the subsequent pregnancies. On the contrary, the occurrence of an unexpected event or critical moment has precipitated a change in the perception of risk among pregnant women [
36]. In the current study, some participants left the situation in the hands of God or fate. A review on women’s motivations to give birth outside the biomedical system found that women from high-income countries also place birth in God’s hands while autonomously choosing and taking responsibility for homebirth [
37].
After knowing about high-risk pregnancies, women were less positive about childbirth expectations and engaged in lower levels of activity in preparation than women with low-risk pregnancies [
38]. On the other hand, women with a high-risk pregnancy had processed the need to care for themselves and their fetus irrespective of their employment status, other children, partner, culture, family history, or past personal experiences [
4]. Contrary to both findings, our participants were still hopeful and sought assurance for normalcy in their pregnancy.
Women in our study viewed pregnancy as a normal event that can be managed at home. Similar findings were found [
27,
30,
39]. People do not relate population risks as personally relevant; they see themselves at lesser risk than others [
6]. Women may perceive their risks as lower than professionals, especially when they do not know the effects of medical conditions on their pregnancy [
4]. A few women expressed that pregnancy was never free of risk, and unknown factors of threat were posed in pregnancies [
18].
Besides healthcare providers, women with high-risk pregnancies turn to their close family members or friends who have children for advice [
4]. They sought reassuring signs in their surroundings and information at the health facility [
14]. Women valued advice given based on personal experiences from sources they trust [
36]. Durham et al. found that as time passed, in the absence of deterioration of their or their babies’ conditions, women began to modify medical advice, accommodating it within the context of their lives [
40]. Women weighed up the risk factors associated with high-risk pregnancy in the context of other essential elements of their lives—primarily their husbands, other children, and careers [
18].
Participants sought the reassurance of non-complications in their pregnancy by performing ultrasonography and medical check-ups in this study. Literature support that women accede to further tests and sought reassuring signs in the information they received from their ultrasound scan that their baby would be alright, which resulted in a significant lessening of anxiety [
14,
18,
31]. Studies found increased contact with doctors and seeking antenatal care as sources of reassurance that everything is well [
5,
9,
14]. When women perceive the care received as reliable, it potentially reduces the risks [
5].
Although our participants had heard or observed risk in pregnancy and complications during childbirth, most did not perceive themselves as at-risk. Regarding their pregnancy, they considered themselves at less risk, which is similar to the claim that people usually do not see population risks as personally relevant [
6]. A few studies found that women see themselves as facing less risk than average others [
6,
10]. This phenomenon is related to optimistic bias, where people who are susceptible to harm claim that they are less at-risk than their peers [
41]. This bias could be because if precautions are available, it motivates optimistic thinking [
6].
People do not estimate risk the same way for themselves, their families, or other people in general [
42]. Any discussion of risk is also influenced by the social context in which it occurs [
33]. When women with high-risk pregnancies scored their risk using different tools, the mean scores fell just below the midpoint of the scale [
4,
33]. When participants were asked to judge if they were more or less at-risk in similar circumstances, they saw themselves as facing less risk than others [
6]. Heaman et al. found no relationship between self-rated perception of pregnancy risk and biomedical risk scores [
38]. Women must understand their risk in the same way as their healthcare providers because evidence suggests that women may not follow recommended treatment if they do not assess the risk at the same level as healthcare providers [
32,
33]. If an event is not appraised as severe, as likely to occur, or nothing can be done about the event, no protection motivation would be aroused. Hence, there would be no change in behavioral intentions [
43].
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