Introduction
Methods
Study population
Laboratory and anthropometric measurements
Measurement of abdominal adipose fat area
Definitions and diagnosis
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics of enrolled patients
Variables | Total male (n = 614) | Non-VO group (n = 243) | VO group (n = 371) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 53.01 ± 11.91 | 53.44 ± 12.18 | 52.73 ± 11.73 | 0.464 |
DM duration (years) | 7.93 ± 6.86 | 8.40 ± 7.34 | 7.61 ± 6.52 | 0.174 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.05 ± 3.62 | 23.65 ± 2.58 | 27.62 ± 3.33 | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 135.50 ± 17.41 | 132.19 ± 16.86 | 137.6 8 ± 17.44 | 0.564 |
DBP (mmHg) | 82.35 ± 13.1 | 79.19 ± 11.68 | 84.42 ± 13.58 | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 146.20 ± 19.40 | 142.31 ± 22.85 | 148.77 ± 16.26 | < 0.001 |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 66.35 ± 15.86 | 64.01 ± 15.13 | 67.91 ± 16.17 | 0.003 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 5.96 ± 3.84 | 5.93 ± 3.60 | 5.98 ± 4.00 | 0.888 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.51 (1.00,2.43) | 1.02 (0.76,1.39) | 1.92 (1.39,3.19) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.57 ± 1.61 | 4.26 ± 1.09 | 4.78 ± 1.84 | < 0.001 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.13 ± 0.40 | 1.19 ± 0.37 | 1.08 ± 0.41 | < 0.001 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.67 ± 1.18 | 2.60 ± 0.84 | 2.71 ± 1.36 | 0.188 |
Albumin (g/L) | 43.88 ± 4.56 | 43.17 ± 5.00 | 44.34 ± 4.17 | 0.003 |
Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 19.40 (14.10,30.20) | 17.40 (13.00,24.15) | 21.40 (15.20,35.90) | < 0.001 |
FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.59 ± 1.34 | 4.58 ± 1.49 | 4.61 ± 1.23 | 0.302 |
FT4 (pmol/L) | 17.25 ± 7.43 | 17.25 ± 7.16 | 17.25 ± 7.61 | 0.962 |
TSH (pmol/L) | 2.23 ± 1.72 | 2.02 ± 1.35 | 2.37 ± 1.92 | 0.180 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.84 ± 2.18 | 8.73 ± 2.40 | 8.92 ± 2.03 | 0.335 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 9.57 ± 3.96 | 8.99 ± 4.07 | 9.95 ± 3.85 | 0.004 |
TyG index | 9.40 ± 0.96 | 8.88 ± 0.80 | 9.74 ± 0.91 | < 0.001 |
VAA (cm2) | 168.14 ± 82.77 | 89.85 ± 34.96 | 219.43 ± 62.36 | < 0.001 |
SAA (cm2) | 131.05 ± 59.61 | 100.08 ± 44.02 | 151.34 ± 59.81 | < 0.001 |
VSR | 1.34 ± 0.60 | 0.96 ± 0.40 | 1.59 ± 0.58 | < 0.001 |
VAD (HU) | -90.03 ± 8.90 | -82.64 ± 8.97 | -94.88 ± 4.39 | < 0.001 |
SAD (HU) | -92.81 ± 7.79 | -89.07 ± 9.55 | -95.26 ± 5.07 | < 0.001 |
Cigarette smoking (%) | 374 (60.9) | 144 (59.3) | 230 (62.0) | 0.500 |
Alcohol intake (%) | 418 (68.1) | 158 (65.0) | 260 (70.1) | 0.215 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 353 (57.5) | 89 (36.6) | 264 (71.3) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 291 (47.4) | 97 (39.9) | 194 (52.3) | 0.003 |
Antidiabetic drugs (%) | 513 (83.6) | 202 (83.1) | 311 (83.8) | 0.825 |
SGLT-2 inhibitors (%) | 35 (5.7) | 13 (5.3) | 22 (5.9) | 0.860 |
GLP-1RAs (%) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 1.000 |
Insulin (%) | 217 (35.3) | 94 (38.7) | 123 (33.2) | 0.168 |
Thiazolidinediones (%) | 39 (6.4) | 15 (6.2) | 24 (6.5) | 1.000 |
Statin drugs (%) | 114 (18.6) | 41 (16.9) | 73 (19.7) | 0.397 |
Fibrates (%) | 11 (1.8) | 4 (1.7) | 7 (1.9) | 1.000 |
Antihypertensive drugs (%) | 215 (35.1) | 57 (23.5) | 158 (42.8) | < 0.001 |
Variables | Total female (n = 362) | Non-VO group (n = 196) | VO group (n = 166) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 58.81 ± 10.21 | 57.19 ± 10.61 | 60.72 ± 9.38 | 0.001 |
DM duration (years) | 9.76 ± 7.39 | 9.67 ± 7.54 | 9.87 ± 7.23 | 0.803 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.88 ± 3.59 | 23.08 ± 2.77 | 27.01 ± 3.29 | < 0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 136.34 ± 21.01 | 132.29 ± 20.81 | 141.13 ± 20.29 | < 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77.21 ± 12.09 | 74.95 ± 11.29 | 79.87 ± 12.49 | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 127.60 ± 21.31 | 124.96 ± 22.86 | 130.70 ± 18.93 | 0.011 |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 50.88 ± 13.52 | 48.81 ± 13.13 | 53.29 ± 13.62 | 0.002 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 5.52 ± 6.28 | 5.74 ± 8.48 | 5.27 ± 1.29 | 0.479 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.37 (0.96,2.00) | 1.14 (0.81,1.57) | 1.83 (1.27,2.66) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.91 ± 1.21 | 4.87 ± 1.21 | 4.96 ± 1.21 | 0.520 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.24 ± 0.28 | 1.30 ± 0.29 | 1.16 ± 0.25 | < 0.001 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.95 ± 0.91 | 2.94 ± 0.86 | 2.95 ± 0.96 | 0.905 |
Albumin (g/L) | 42.84 ± 4.58 | 42.55 ± 4.62 | 43.18 ± 4.52 | 0.199 |
Alanine transaminase (U/L) | 16.15 (11.90,24.68) | 15.50 (11.10,20.38) | 16.90 (12.50,27.78) | 0.016 |
FT3 (pmol/L) | 4.21 ± 1.18 | 4.19 ± 1.21 | 4.23 ± 1.15 | 0.746 |
FT4 (pmol/L) | 15.61 ± 3.25 | 15.49 ± 3.28 | 15.75 ± 3.22 | 0.455 |
TSH (pmol/L) | 3.01 ± 3.83 | 3.01 ± 4.49 | 3.02 ± 2.87 | 0.991 |
HbA1c (%) | 9.21 ± 2.24 | 9.15 ± 2.32 | 9.29 ± 2.13 | 0.569 |
FBG (mmol/L) | 10.05 ± 4.33 | 9.57 ± 4.36 | 10.61 ± 4.25 | 0.023 |
TyG index | 9.27 ± 0.78 | 9.01 ± 0.71 | 9.59 ± 0.73 | < 0.001 |
VAA (cm2) | 116.10 ± 57.73 | 74.08 ± 27.15 | 165.72 ± 42.98 | < 0.001 |
SAA (cm2) | 153.51 ± 60.79 | 129.17 ± 46.99 | 182.24 ± 62.79 | < 0.001 |
VSR | 0.80 ± 0.41 | 0.63 ± 0.31 | 1.01 ± 0.41 | < 0.001 |
VAD (HU) | -89.86 ± 8.60 | -85.39 ± 8.02 | -95.13 ± 5.86 | < 0.001 |
SAD (HU) | -97.6 ± 6.20 | -95.95 ± 6.39 | -99.56 ± 5.38 | < 0.001 |
Cigarette smoking (%) | 8 (2.2) | 4 (2.0) | 4 (2.4) | 1.000 |
Alcohol intake (%) | 3 (0.8) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.6) | 1.000 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 210 (58.2) | 93 (47.7) | 117 (70.5) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 165 (45.6) | 69 (35.2) | 96 (57.8) | < 0.001 |
Antidiabetic drugs (%) | 333 (92.0) | 179 (91.3) | 154 (92.8) | 0.699 |
SGLT-2 inhibitors (%) | 20 (5.5) | 8 (4.1) | 12 (7.2) | 0.249 |
GLP-1RAs (%) | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | 0.459 |
Insulin (%) | 173 (47.8) | 93 (47.4) | 80 (48.2) | 0.916 |
Thiazolidinediones (%) | 31 (8.6) | 15 (7.7) | 16 (9.6) | 0.573 |
Statin drugs (%) | 78 (21.6) | 35 (17.9) | 43 (25.9) | 0.073 |
Fibrates (%) | 9 (2.5) | 4 (2.0) | 5 (3.0) | 0.738 |
Antihypertensive drugs (%) | 127 (35.1) | 47 (24.0) | 80 (48.2) | < 0.001 |