Background
Methods
Data source
Outcomes and covariates
Variable | Core Question | Dichotomous response | Item Rationale for Current Analysis |
---|---|---|---|
Outcomes | |||
Suicide Behaviours | |||
Suicidal ideation | During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide? | Percentage of students who ever seriously considered attempting suicide during the 12 months before the survey | Prior suicidal ideation is a risk indicator for attempts [20] |
Suicide Attempt | During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide? | Percentage of students who attempted suicide one or more times during the 12 months before the survey | Prior suicide attempt is a significant risk indicator for future suicide fatality [20] |
Covariates | |||
Distal Factors | |||
Parental understanding | During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians understand your problems and worries? | Percentage of students who reported that their parents or guardians most of the time or always understood their problems and worries during the 30 days before the survey | Parental involvement is associated with lower levels of depression and suicidal ideation [14] |
No Close friends | How many close friends do you have? | Percentage of students who did not have any close friends | Decreased interaction with friends worsens social skills and undermines the ability to cope with stressful events [14] |
Being Bullieda | During the past 30 days, on how many days were you bullied? | Percentage of students who were bullied on one or more days during the 30 days before the survey | Victimization due to bullying is connected to many negative outcomes including depression, suicidal ideation, self-injury and suicide attempts [16] |
Physical fight | During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight? | Percentage of students who were in a physical fight one or more times during the 12 months before the survey | Physical fighting can be linked to difficult behaviours and serious injury-related health outcomes [15] |
PE Class | During the school year, on how many days did you go to physical education (PE) class each week? | Percentage of students who went to physical education (PE) class on three or more days each week during the school year | School PE classes can increase adolescent participation in physical activity, increase school performance and develop skills and attitudes for lifelong physical activity [13] |
Serious Injury b | During the past 12 months, how many times were you seriously injured? | Percentage of students who were seriously injured one or more times during the 12 months before the survey | Unintentional injuries can lead to disabilities, depression and risky behaviours [17] |
Physical Activity | During the past 7 days, on how many days were you physically active for a total of at least 60 min per day? | Percentage of students who were physically active for a total of at least 60 min per day on five or more days during the past seven days | Regular physical activity promotes healthy physical health and well-being while reducing depression and anxiety [13] |
Statistical analysis
Results
Income-level analysis
Age and sex - level analysis
Country-level analysis
Factors associated with suicidal behaviour
Girls aged 13–15 years | Boys aged 13–15 years | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bivariate | Multi-variable (n = 108) (adjusted for survey sample size, survey year and country income level) | Bivariate | Multi-variable (n = 104) (adjusted for survey sample size, survey year and country income level) | |||||||||||
Variable | n | β | 95% CI | p-value | β | 95% CI | p-value | n | β | 95% CI | p-value | β | 95% CI | p-value |
Survey Sample Size | 116 | 0.07 | −0.001; − 0.0001 | 0.46 | 115 | −0.06 | −0.001; − 0.0002 | 0.54 | ||||||
Survey Year | 116 | −0.13 | −0.54; 0.09 | 0.15 | 115 | −0.15 | −0.50; 0.05 | 0.11 | ||||||
Income level | 116 | 115 | ||||||||||||
HIC | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||||
LMIC | −0.18 | −2.52; 9.07 | 0.27 | 0.17 | −1.15; 4.18 | 0.35 | ||||||||
Parental Understanding | 76 | −0.13 | −0.20; 0.06 | 0.26 | 71 | −0.25 | −0.26; 0.15 | 0.03 | ||||||
Serious Injury | 111 | 0.35 | 0.09; 0.27 | < 0.001 | 112 | 0.57 | 0.20; 0.36 | < 0.001 | 0.33 | 0.34; 0.84 | < 0.001 | |||
Physical Fight | 111 | 0.30 | 0.04; 0.28 | 0.01 | 112 | 0.48 | 0.15; 0.48 | < 0.001 | 0.29 | 0.06; 0.21 | < 0.001 | |||
No friends | 115 | 0.13 | −0.10; 0.55 | 0.17 | 115 | 0.47 | 0.52; 1.08 | < 0.001 | 0.34 | 0.34; 0.08 | < 0.001 | |||
Being Bullied | 112 | 0.31 | 0.07; 0.26 | < 0.001 | 0.37 | 0.10; 0.29 | < 0.001 | 113 | 0.49 | 0.15; 0.30 | < 0.001 | |||
Physical Activity | 108 | 0.19 | 0.003;0.36 | 0.05 | 101 | −0.02 | −0.15; 0.12 | 0.84 | ||||||
Phys.Ed. Class | 74 | 0.02 | −0.13; 0.16 | 0.90 | 74 | 0.24 | 0.01; 0.26 | 0.04 | ||||||
R2 | 0.23 | R2 | 0.52 | |||||||||||
R2(adjusted) | 0.19 | R2(adjusted) | 0.49 | |||||||||||
F (5,107) | 6.27 | < 0.001 | F (7,103) | 16.18 | < 0.001 |
Girls aged 13–15 years | Boys aged 13–15 years | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bivariate | Multi-variable (n = 70) (adjusted for survey sample size, survey year and country income level) | Bivariate | Multi-variable (n = 68) (adjusted for survey sample size, survey year and country income level) | |||||||||||
Variable | n | β | 95% CI | P-value | β | 95% CI | p-value | n | β | 95% CI | P-value | β | 95% CI | p-value |
Survey Sample Size | 77 | 0.22 | − 0.001; 0.002 | 0.05 | 117 | 0.12 | −0.001; 0.002 | 0.31 | ||||||
Survey Year | 77 | −0.21 | −1.26; 0.03 | 0.06 | 78 | −0.13 | −1.26; 0.32 | 0.24 | ||||||
Income level | 76 | 76 | ||||||||||||
HIC | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||||
LMIC | 0.04 | −3.61; 4.96 | 0.75 | 0.15 | −1.254; 17.152 | 0.22 | ||||||||
Parental Understanding | 70 | −0.16 | −0.25; 0.06 | 0.20 | 71 | −0.30 | − 0.42; − 0.06 | 0.01 | ||||||
Injury | 75 | 0.60 | 0.23; 0.44 | < 0.001 | 0.41 | 0.09; 0.36 | 0.001 | 76 | 0.72 | 0.42; 0.66 | < 0.001 | 0.41 | 0.15; 0.47 | < 0.001 |
Fight | 75 | 0.42 | 0.14; 0.43 | < 0.001 | 76 | 0.46 | 0.17; 0.45 | < 0.001 | ||||||
No friends | 76 | 0.27 | 0.08; 0.89 | 0.02 | 76 | 0.47 | 0.66; 1.66 | < 0.001 | 0.28 | 0.32; 1.05 | < 0.001 | |||
Bullying | 75 | 0.56 | 0.20; 0.41 | < 0.001 | 0.29 | 0.02; 0.29 | 0.02 | 76 | 0.66 | 0.33; 0.57 | < 0.001 | 0.32 | 0.07; 0.38 | 0.005 |
Physical Activity | 73 | 0.22 | 10.01; 0.42 | 0.06 | 74 | −0.03 | −0.26; 0.19 | 0.77 | ||||||
PE Class | 70 | 0.18 | −0.04; 0.30 | 0.13 | 71 | 0.15 | −0.07; 0.34 | 0.20 | ||||||
R2 | 0.52 | R2 | 0.69 | |||||||||||
R2(adjusted) | 0.474 | R2(adjusted) | 0.65 | |||||||||||
F (6,69) | 12.28 | < 0.001 | F (7,67) | 20.82 | < 0.001 |
Girls aged 16–17 years | Boys aged 16–17 years | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bivariate | Multi-variable (n = 39) (adjusted for survey sample size, survey year and country income level) | Bivariate | Multi-variable (n = 39) (adjusted for survey sample size, survey year and country income level) | |||||||||||
Variable | n | β | 95% CI | p-value | β | 95% CI | p-value | n | β | 95% CI | p-value | β | 95% CI | p-value |
Survey Sample Size | 43 | 0.07 | −0.001;0.001 | 0.64 | 44 | −0.03 | −0.00; 0.001 | 0.82 | ||||||
Survey Year | 43 | 0.12 | −1.01;2.23 | 0.43 | 44 | −0.03 | −1.12; 1.02 | 0.86 | ||||||
Income level | 42 | 43 | ||||||||||||
HIC | Ref | |||||||||||||
LMIC | −0.22 | −9.59;1.46 | 0.15 | 0.06 | −5.80; 8.31 | 0.84 | ||||||||
Parental Understanding | 40 | −0.09 | −0.27;0.15 | 0.57 | 41 | −0.16 | −0.23; 0.07 | 0.30 | ||||||
Serious Injury | 43 | 0.12 | −0.10; 0.23 | 0.43 | 42 | 0.52 | 0.11; 0.35 | < 0.001 | ||||||
Physical Fight | 43 | 0.10 | −0.20; 0.37 | 0.52 | 43 | 0.50 | 0.09; 0.32 | < 0.001 | 0.59 | 0.15; 0.34 | < 0.001 | |||
No friends | 43 | 0.31 | 0.02; 0.94 | 0.04 | 0.39 | 0.18; 1.05 | 0.006 | 44 | 0.36 | 0.03; 0.27 | 0.002 | 0.53 | 0.39; 0.98 | < 0.001 |
Being Bullied | 43 | 0.14 | −0.11; 0.27 | 0.38 | 43 | 0.41 | 0.05; 0.29 | 0.01 | ||||||
Physical Activity | 41 | 0.37 | 0.11; 0.97 | 0.02 | 42 | −0.13 | −0.28; 0.11 | 0.39 | ||||||
Phys.Ed. Class | 39 | −0.01 | − 0.22, 0.21 | 0.97 | 40 | −0.01 | − 0.13; 0.12 | 0.94 | ||||||
R2 | 0.32 | R2 | 0.55 | |||||||||||
R2(adjusted) | 0.23 | R2(adjusted) | 0.48 | |||||||||||
F (5,38) | 3.59 | P = 0.01 | F (6, 38) | 7.74 | P < 0.001 |
Girls aged 16–17 years | Boys aged 16–17 years | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bivariate | Multi-variable (n = 37) (adjusted for survey sample size, survey year and country income level) | Bivariate | Multi-variable (n = 37) (adjusted for survey sample size, survey year and country income level) | |||||||||||
Variable | n | β | 95% CI | P-value | β | 95% CI | p-value | n | β | 95% CI | P-value | β | 95% CI | p-value |
Survey Sample Size | 42 | 0.05 | −0.001; 0.001 | 0.77 | 43 | 0.04 | −0.00; 0.02 | 0.77 | ||||||
Survey Year | 42 | 0.07 | −1.16; 1.82 | 0.66 | 43 | 0.05 | −1.21; 1.67 | 0.75 | ||||||
Income level | 41 | 43 | ||||||||||||
HIC | Ref | Ref | ||||||||||||
LMIC | −0.02 | −5.8; 5.30 | 0.93 | 0.12 | −6.19; 11.56 | 0.51 | ||||||||
Parental Understanding | 39 | −0.03 | − 0.21; 0.17 | 0.83 | 40 | −0.13 | −0.28; 0.12 | 0.43 | ||||||
Injury | 42 | 0.55 | 0.14; 0.39 | < 0.001 | 42 | 0.63 | 0.22; 0.50 | < 0.001 | 0.57 | 0.19; 0.45 | < 0.001 | |||
Fight | 42 | 0.50 | 0.18; 0.62 | < 0.001 | 43 | 0.28 | −0.01; 0.30 | 0.07 | ||||||
No friends | 42 | 0.63 | 0.51; 1.17 | < 0.001 | 0.44 | 0.27; 0.91 | < 0.001 | 43 | 0.48 | 0.34; 1.22 | < 0.001 | 0.39 | 0.27; 1.03 | < 0.001 |
Bullying | 42 | 0.64 | 0.21; 0.48 | < 0.001 | 0.51 | 0.15; 0.40 | < 0.001 | 43 | 0.48 | 0.11; 0.39 | < 0.001 | |||
Physical Activity | 40 | 0.12 | −0.24; 0.56 | 0.42 | 40 | −0.24 | −0.44; 0.05 | 0.12 | ||||||
PE Class | 38 | 0.23 | −0.06; 0.32 | 0.17 | 39 | 0.03 | −0.15; 0.18 | 0.84 | ||||||
R2 | 0.62 | R2 | 0.56 | |||||||||||
R2(adjusted) | 0.56 | R2(adjusted) | 0.49 | |||||||||||
F (6,36) | 9.88 | < 0.001 | F (6,36) | 7.73 | < 0.001 |