Introduction
Methods
Data source
Data processing
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient recruitment and characteristics
Characteristics | Total | Age at diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | 60–69 | 70 + | ||
Total | 33,619 | 1120 (3.33) | 4408 (13.11) | 10,903 (32.43) | 9380 (27.90) | 7808 (23.22) |
Sex | ||||||
Female | 9113 (27.11) | 431 (38.48) | 998 (22.64) | 2228 (20.43) | 2178 (23.22) | 3278 (41.98) |
Male | 24,506 (72.89) | 689 (61.52) | 3410 (77.36) | 8675 (79.57) | 7202 (76.78) | 4530 (58.02) |
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 19,106 (56.83) | 560 (50.00) | 2553 (57.92) | 6316 (57.93) | 5590 (59.59) | 4087 (52.34) |
Unmarried | 14,513 (43.17) | 560 (50.00) | 1855 (42.08) | 4587 (42.07) | 3790 (40.41) | 3721 (47.66) |
Race | ||||||
American Indian/Alaska Native | 185 (0.55) | 3 (0.27) | 32 (0.73) | 70 (0.64) | 51 (0.54) | 29 (0.37) |
Asian or Pacific Islander | 1796 (5.34) | 132 (11.79) | 256 (5.81) | 430 (3.94) | 463 (4.94) | 515 (6.60) |
Black | 2748 (8.17) | 76 (6.79) | 459 (10.41) | 1040 (9.54) | 755 (8.05) | 418 (5.35) |
White | 28,890 (85.93) | 909 (81.16) | 3661 (16.95) | 9363 (85.88) | 8111 (86.47) | 6846 (87.68) |
Year of diagnosis | ||||||
2004–2010 | 16,818 (50.03) | 637 (56.88) | 2548 (57.80) | 5476 (50.22) | 4279 (45.62) | 3860 (49.44) |
2011–2015 | 16,801 (49.97) | 483 (43.13) | 1860 (42.20) | 5427 (49.78) | 5101 (54.38) | 3948 (50.56) |
Location | ||||||
Tongue | 15,300 (45.51) | 776 (69.29) | 1902 (43.15) | 4775 (43.80) | 4460 (47.55) | 3387 (43.38) |
Floor of mouth | 2433 (7.24) | 25 (2.23) | 290 (6.58) | 843 (7.73) | 729 (7.77) | 546 (6.99) |
Other mouth | 15,886 (47.25) | 319 (28.48) | 2216 (50.27) | 5285 (51.53) | 4191 (55.32) | 3875 (49.63) |
Size | ||||||
< 1 | 2442 (7.26) | 128 (11.43) | 352 (7.99) | 726 (6.66) | 658 (7.01) | 578 (7.40) |
< 2 | 6139 (18.26) | 271 (24.20) | 931 (21.12) | 1941 (17.80) | 1666 (17.76) | 1330 (17.03) |
< 3 | 7045 (20.96) | 215 (19.20) | 877 (19.90) | 2303 (21.12) | 1932 (20.60) | 1718 (22.00) |
< 4 | 6228 (18.53) | 172 (15.36) | 766 (17.38) | 2009 (18.43) | 1812 (19.32) | 1469 (18.81) |
< 5 | 4048 (12.04) | 114 (10.18) | 501 (11.37) | 1305 (11.97) | 1140 (12.15) | 988 (12.65) |
≥ 5 | 3718 (11.06) | 125 (11.16) | 424 (9.62) | 1166 (10.69) | 1057 (11.27) | 946 (12.12) |
Unknown | 3999 (11.90) | 95 (8.48) | 557 (12.64) | 1453 (13.33) | 1115 (11.89) | 779 (9.98) |
Treatment modalities | ||||||
Surgery | 8100 (24.09) | 382 (34.11) | 923 (20.94) | 2020 (18.53) | 2087 (22.25) | 2688 (34.43) |
Radiation | 1968 (5.85) | 17 (1.52) | 144 (3.27) | 484 (4.44) | 524 (5.59) | 799 (10.23) |
Chemotherapy + XRT | 9304 (27.67) | 138 (12.32) | 1241 (28.15) | 3497 (32.07) | 3008 (32.07 | 1420 (18.19) |
Surgery + XRT | 5154 (15.33) | 183 (16.34) | 645 (14.63) | 1582 (14.51) | 1394 (14.86) | 1350 (17.29) |
Others | 937 (2.79) | 21 (1.88) | 132 (2.99) | 328 (3.01) | 276 (2.94) | 180 (2.31) |
Triple therapy | 6619 (19.69) | 359 (32.05) | 1208 (27.40) | 2625 (24.08) | 1684 (17.95) | 743 (9.52) |
No/Unknown | 1537 (4.57) | 20 (1.79) | 115 (2.61) | 367 (3.37) | 407 (4.34) | 628 (8.04) |
Grade | ||||||
Well-differentiated | 4423 (13.16) | 188 (16.79) | 491 (11.14) | 1111 (10.19) | 1151 (12.27) | 1482 (18.98) |
Moderately differentiated | 16,467 (48.98) | 593 (52.95) | 2256 (51.18) | 5339 (48.97) | 4429 (47.22) | 3850 (49.31) |
Poorly differentiated | 12,445 (37.02) | 329 (29.38) | 1618 (36.71) | 4353 (39.92) | 3720 (39.66) | 2425 (31.06) |
Undifferentiated | 284 (0.84) | 10 (0.89) | 43 (0.98) | 100 (0.92) | 80 (0.85) | 51 (0.65) |
T classification | ||||||
T1 | 9795 (29.14) | 431 (38.48) | 1421 (32.24) | 3108 (28.51) | 2659 (28.35) | 2176 (27.87) |
T2 | 10,431 (31.03) | 334 (29.82) | 1342 (30.44) | 3430 (31.46) | 2951 (31.46) | 2374 (30.40) |
T3 | 4377 (13.02) | 129 (11.52) | 512 (11.62) | 1371 (12.57) | 1262 (13.45) | 1103 (14.13) |
T4 | 6294 (18.72) | 155 (13.84) | 754 (17.11) | 2001 (18.35) | 1776 (18.93) | 1608 (20.59) |
Unknown | 2722 (8.10) | 71 (6.34) | 379 (8.60) | 993 (9.11) | 732 (7.80) | 547 (7.01) |
N classification | ||||||
N0 | 12,381 (36.83) | 518 (46.25) | 1360 (30.85) | 3250 (29.81) | 3208 (34.20) | 4045 (51.81) |
N1 | 6022 (17.91) | 179 (15.98) | 784 (17.79) | 1999 (18.33) | 1744 (18.59) | 1316 (16.85) |
N2 | 13,683 (40.70) | 383 (34.20) | 2056 (46.64) | 5096 (46.74) | 3983 (42.46) | 2165 (27.73) |
N3 | 1135 (3.38) | 28 (2.50) | 166 (3.77) | 466 (4.27) | 340 (3.62) | 135 (1.73) |
Unknown | 398 (1.18) | 12 (1.07) | 42 (0.95) | 92 (0.84) | 105 (1.12) | 147 (1.88) |
M classification | ||||||
M0 | 32,461 (96.56) | 1100 (98.21) | 4283 (97.16) | 10,540 (96.67) | 9027 (96.24) | 7511 (96.20) |
M1 | 988 (2.94) | 13 (1.16) | 100 (2.27) | 310 (2.84) | 313 (3.34) | 252 (3.23) |
Unknown | 170 (0.51) | 7 (0.63) | 25 (0.57) | 53 (0.49) | 40 (0.43) | 45 (0.58) |
Stage | ||||||
1 | 5339 (15.88) | 283 (25.27) | 657 (14.90) | 1440 (13.21) | 1377 (14.68) | 1582 (20.26) |
2 | 3548 (10.55) | 136 (12.14) | 384 (8.71) | 937 (8.59) | 924 (9.85) | 1167 (14.95) |
3 | 5612 (16.69) | 193 (17.23) | 708 (16.06) | 1754 (16.09) | 1597 (17.03) | 1360 (17.42) |
4 | 17,993 (53.52) | 475 (42.41) | 2543 (57.69) | 6449 (59.15) | 5156 (54.97) | 3370 (43.16) |
Unknown | 1127 (3.35) | 33 (2.95) | 116 (2.63) | 323 (2.96) | 326 (3.48) | 329 (4.21) |
Status | ||||||
Alive | 19,464 (57.90) | 824 (73.57) | 3033 (68.81) | 7129 (65.39) | 5553 (59.20) | 2925 (37.46) |
Dead (attributable to cancer) | 10,623 (31.60) | 275 (24.55) | 1129 (25.61) | 3019 (27.69) | 2920 (31.13) | 3280 (42.01) |
Dead of other cause | 3532 (10.51) | 21 (1.88) | 246 (5.58) | 755 (6.92) | 907 (9.67) | 1603 (20.53) |
Follow‐up time | 34 (15, 73) | 52 (19, 96) | 50 (20, 93) | 40 (17, 79) | 34 (15, 68) | 22 (9, 51) |
Survival analyses of OSCC according to age at diagnosis
Clinicopathological variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95%CI) | P | HR (95%CI) | P | |
Age at diagnosis | ||||
18–39 | Reference | Reference | ||
40–49 | 1.19 (1.05–1.35) | 0.007 | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) | 0.034 |
50–59 | 1.43 (1.27–1.61) | < 0.001 | 1.32 (1.17–1.48) | < 0.001 |
60–69 | 1.83 (1.62–2.06) | < 0.001 | 1.66 (1.42–1.87) | < 0.001 |
70 + | 3.46 (3.07–3.89) | < 0.001 | 3.21 (2.86–3.62) | < 0.001 |
Sex | ||||
Female | Reference | Reference | ||
Male | 0.83 (0.80–0.86) | < 0.001 | 0.94 (0.90–0.97) | < 0.001 |
Marital status | ||||
Married | Reference | Reference | ||
Unmarried | 1.84 (1.78–1.90) | < 0.001 | 1.48 (1.43–1.54) | < 0.001 |
Race | ||||
White | Reference | Reference | ||
Black | 1.82 (1.73–1.92) | < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.27–1.41) | < 0.001 |
Asian or Pacific Islander | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 0.340 | 1.02 (0.95–1.11) | 0.566 |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 1.08 (0.86–1.36) | 0.482 | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | 0.743 |
Location | ||||
Floor of mouth | Reference | Reference | ||
Other mouth | 0.62 (0.58–0.66) | < 0.001 | 0.60 (0.56–0.63) | < 0.001 |
Tongue | 0.65 (0.62–0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.71 (0.67–0.76) | < 0.001 |
Size | ||||
< 1 | Reference | Reference | ||
< 2 | 1.38 (1.25–1.53) | < 0.001 | 1.35 (1.22–1.49) | < 0.001 |
< 3 | 1.96 (1.79–2.16) | < 0.001 | 1.63 (1.45–1.82) | < 0.001 |
< 4 | 2.49 (2.26–2.73) | < 0.001 | 1.91 (1.69–2.16) | < 0.001 |
< 5 | 3.36 (3.05–3.70) | < 0.001 | 2.29 (2.02–2.60) | < 0.001 |
≥ 5 | 5.48 (4.98–6.03) | < 0.001 | 3.11 (2.74–3.54) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 3.17 (2.88–3.50) | < 0.001 | 2.40 (2.09–2.75) | < 0.001 |
Treatment | ||||
No/Unknown | Reference | Reference | ||
Surgery | 0.18 (0.18–0.19) | < 0.001 | 0.30 (0.28–0.32) | < 0.001 |
Radiation | 0.44 (0.41–0.48) | < 0.001 | 0.48 (0.44–0.52) | < 0.001 |
Chemotherapy + XRT | 0.23 (0.22–0.25) | < 0.001 | 0.26 (0.24–0.27) | < 0.001 |
Surgery + XRT | 0.21 (0.19–0.22) | < 0.001 | 0.28 (0.26–0.30) | < 0.001 |
Triple therapy | 0.18 (0.17–0.19) | < 0.001 | 0.25 (0.23–0.27) | < 0.001 |
Others | 0.63 (0.58–0.70) | < 0.001 | 0.54 (0.49–0.60) | < 0.001 |
Grade | ||||
Well-differentiated | Reference | Reference | ||
Moderately differentiated | 1.15 (1.09–1.21) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (1.02–1.13) | 0.009 |
Poorly differentiated | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 0.006 | 0.86 (0.81–0.91) | < 0.001 |
Undifferentiated | 0.83 (0.68–1.02) | 0.079 | 0.78 (0.63–0.95) | 0.015 |
T classification | ||||
T1 | Reference | Reference | ||
T2 | 1.61 (1.53–1.69) | < 0.001 | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 0.004 |
T3 | 2.67 (2.52–2.82) | < 0.001 | 1.24 (1.13–1.37) | < 0.001 |
T4 | 3.84 (3.66–4.04) | < 0.001 | 1.89 (1.73–2.06) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 1.85 (1.72–1.98) | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.73–0.92) | < 0.001 |
N classification | ||||
N0 | Reference | Reference | ||
N1 | 1.25 (1.19–1.31) | < 0.001 | 1.36 (1.29–1.43) | < 0.001 |
N2 | 1.25 (1.20–1.30) | < 0.001 | 1.38 (1.32–1.45) | < 0.001 |
N3 | 1.71 (1.58–1.86) | < 0.001 | 1.75 (1.60–1.92) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 2.64 (2.33–3.00) | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.26–1.65) | < 0.001 |
M classification | ||||
M0 | Reference | Reference | ||
M1 | 4.00 (3.72–4.29) | < 0.001 | 2.54 (2.36–2.74) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 2.50 (2.11–2.97) | < 0.001 | 1.38 (1.16–1.65) | < 0.001 |
Clinicopathological variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SHR (95%CI) | P | SHR (95%CI) | P | |
Age at diagnosis | ||||
18–39 | Reference | Reference | ||
40–49 | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 0.590 | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.800 |
50–59 | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) | 0.011 | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 0.360 |
60–69 | 1.37 (1.21–1.55) | < 0.001 | 1.21 (1.07–1.38) | 0.002 |
70 + | 2.05 (1.82–2.32) | < 0.001 | 1.85 (1.63–2.10) | < 0.001 |
Sex | ||||
Female | Reference | Reference | ||
Male | 0.84 (0.81–0.88) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.81–0.89) | < 0.001 |
Marital status | ||||
Married | Reference | Reference | ||
Unmarried | 1.71 (1.65–1.78) | < 0.001 | 1.33 (1.27–1.38) | < 0.001 |
Race | ||||
White | Reference | Reference | ||
Black | 1.86 (1.76–1.97) | < 0.001 | 1.29 (1.20–1.38) | < 0.001 |
Asian or Pacific Islander | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 0.072 | 1.18 (1.08–1.29) | < 0.001 |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 1.11 (0.86–1.42) | 0.430 | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) | 0.650 |
Location | ||||
Floor of mouth | Reference | Reference | ||
Other mouth | 0.64 (0.60–0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.60 (0.55–0.64) | < 0.001 |
Tongue | 0.72 (0.68–0.77) | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) | < 0.001 |
Size | ||||
< 1 | Reference | Reference | ||
< 2 | 1.65 (1.45–1.88) | < 0.001 | 1.51 (1.33–1.72) | < 0.001 |
< 3 | 2.49 (2.20–2.82) | < 0.001 | 1.83 (1.57–2.12) | < 0.001 |
< 4 | 3.21 (2.84–3.64) | < 0.001 | 2.11 (1.80–2.47) | < 0.001 |
< 5 | 4.56 (4.02–5.17) | < 0.001 | 2.59 (2.20–3.05) | < 0.001 |
≥ 5 | 7.37 (6.51–8.34) | < 0.001 | 3.39 (2.87–4.00) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 4.46 (3.94–5.06) | < 0.001 | 2.73 (2.29–3.25) | < 0.001 |
Treatment | ||||
No/unknown | Reference | Reference | ||
Surgery | 0.163 (0.15–0.18) | < 0.001 | 0.33 (0.29–0.37) | < 0.001 |
Radiation | 0.441 (0.40–0.49) | < 0.001 | 0.53 (0.47–0.59) | < 0.001 |
Chemotherapy + XRT | 0.28 (0.26–0.30) | < 0.001 | 0.33 (0.30–0.36) | < 0.001 |
Surgery + XRT | 0.23 (0.21–0.25) | < 0.001 | 0.35 (0.32–0.39) | < 0.001 |
Triple therapy | 0.23 (0.21–0.25) | < 0.001 | 0.34 (0.31–0.38) | < 0.001 |
Others | 0.74 (0.66–0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.65 (0.57–0.75) | < 0.001 |
Grade | ||||
Well-differentiated | Reference | Reference | ||
Moderately differentiated | 1.28 (1.21–1.36) | < 0.001 | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) | 0.023 |
Poorly differentiated | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 0.130 | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | < 0.001 |
Undifferentiated | 0.87 (0.69–1.11) | 0.260 | 0.69 (0.54–0.88) | 0.003 |
T classification | ||||
T1 | Reference | Reference | ||
T2 | 1.80 (1.70–1.92) | < 0.001 | 1.17 (1.06–1.30) | 0.002 |
T3 | 3.09 (2.89–3.30) | < 0.001 | 1.29 (1.15–1.45) | < 0.001 |
T4 | 4.48 (4.23–4.75) | < 0.001 | 1.94 (1.74–2.16) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 2.18 (2.01–2.36) | < 0.001 | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | 0.025 |
N classification | ||||
N0 | Reference | Reference | ||
N1 | 1.52 (1.43–1.60) | < 0.001 | 1.48 (1.39–1.58) | < 0.001 |
N2 | 1.63 (1.55–1.70) | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.47–1.65) | < 0.001 |
N3 | 2.34 (2.14–2.57) | < 0.001 | 2.06 (1.84–2.31) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 2.87 (2.46–3.35) | < 0.001 | 1.50 (1.26–1.79) | < 0.001 |
M classification | ||||
M0 | Reference | Reference | ||
M1 | 4.39 (4.05–4.76) | < 0.001 | 2.62 (2.36–2.90) | < 0.001 |
Unknown | 2.60 (2.11–3.22) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.12–1.93) | 0.006 |