nach oben

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Erschienen in:

09.11.2020 | Original Article

The effect of pedalling cadence on respiratory frequency: passive vs. active exercise of different intensities

verfasst von: Michele Girardi, Andrea Nicolò, Ilenia Bazzucchi, Francesco Felici, Massimo Sacchetti

Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Ausgabe 2/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

Pedalling cadence influences respiratory frequency (f_R) during exercise, with group III/IV muscle afferents possibly mediating its effect. However, it is unclear how exercise intensity affects the link between cadence and f_R. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the effect of cadence on f_R is moderated by exercise intensity, with interest in the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Ten male cyclists performed a preliminary ramp incremental test and three sinusoidal experimental tests on separate visits. The experimental tests consisted of 16 min of sinusoidal variations in cadence between 115 and 55 rpm (sinusoidal period of 4 min) performed during passive exercise (PE), moderate exercise (ME) and heavy exercise (HE). The amplitude (A) and phase lag (φ) of the dependent variables were calculated.

Results

During PE, f_R changed in proportion to variations in cadence (r = 0.85, P < 0.001; A = 3.9 ± 1.4 breaths·min⁻¹; φ = − 5.3 ± 13.9 degrees). Conversely, the effect of cadence on f_R was reduced during ME (r = 0.73, P < 0.001; A = 2.6 ± 1.3 breaths·min⁻¹; φ = − 25.4 ± 26.3 degrees) and even more reduced during HE (r = 0.26, P < 0.001; A = 1.8 ± 1.0 breaths·min⁻¹; φ = − 70.1 ± 44.5 degrees). No entrainment was found in any of the sinusoidal tests.

Conclusion

The effect of pedalling cadence on f_R is moderated by exercise intensity—it decreases with the increase in work rate—and seems to be mediated primarily by group III/IV muscle afferents, at least during passive exercise.

Amann M, Blain GM, Proctor LT, Sebranek JJ, Pegelow DF, Dempsey JA (2010) Group III and IV muscle afferents contribute to ventilatory and cardiovascular response to rhythmic exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 109:966–976. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00462.2010CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bakker HK, Struikenkamp RS, De Vries GA (1980) Dynamics of ventilation, heart rate, and gas exchange: sinusoidal and impulse work loads in man. J Appl Physiol 48:289–301. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1980.48.2.289CrossRefPubMed

Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ (1986) A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol 60:2020–2027. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.2020CrossRefPubMed

Bechbache RR, Duffin J (1977) The entrainment of breathing frequency by exercise rhythm. J Physiol 272:553–561. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp012059CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Bell HJ, Duffin J (2003) CO2 does not affect passive exercise ventilatory decline. J Appl Physiol 95:322–329. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01176.2002CrossRefPubMed

Bell HJ, Ramsaroop DM, Duffin J (2003) The respiratory effects of two modes of passive exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 88:544–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0771-5CrossRefPubMed

Bernasconi P, Kohl J (1993) Analysis of co-ordination between breathing and exercise rhythms in man. J Physiol 471:693–706. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1993.sp019923CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Berry MJ, Puntenney PJ, Sandt LA (1989) Ventilatory responses during varied stride and pedal frequencies. Respir Physiol 78:219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(89)90054-6CrossRefPubMed

Bland JM, Altman DG (1995) Statistics notes: Calculating correlation coefficients with repeated observations: Part 1–correlation within subjects. BMJ 310:446–446. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6977.446CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Borg G (1998) Borg’s perceived exertion and pain scales. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, USA

Bramble D, Carrier D (1983) Running and breathing in mammals. Science 219:251–256. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6849136CrossRefPubMed

Bruce RM, Jolley C, White MJ (2019) Control of exercise hyperpnoea: contributions from thin-fibre skeletal muscle afferents. Exp Physiol 104:1605–1621. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087649CrossRefPubMed

Casaburi R, Whipp BJ, Wasserman K, Beaver WL, Koyal SN (1977) Ventilatory and gas exchange dynamics in response to sinusoidal work. J Appl Physiol 42:300–301. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1977.42.2.300CrossRefPubMed

Casaburi R, Whipp BJ, Wasserman K, Koyal SN (1978) Ventilatory and gas exchange responses to cycling with sinusoidally varying pedal rate. J Appl Physiol 44:97–103. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1978.44.1.97CrossRefPubMed

Caterini JE, Duffin J, Wells GD (2016) Limb movement frequency is a significant modulator of the ventilatory response during submaximal cycling exercise in humans. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 220:10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2015.09.004CrossRefPubMed

Cohen J (2013) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd edn. L. Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, USACrossRef

de Morree HM, Klein C, Marcora SM (2014) Cortical substrates of the effects of caffeine and time-on-task on perception of effort. J Appl Physiol 117:1514–1523. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00898.2013CrossRefPubMed

Farina D, Macaluso A, Ferguson RA, De Vito G (2004) Effect of power, pedal rate, and force on average muscle fiber conduction velocity during cycling. J Appl Physiol 97:2035–2041. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00606.2004CrossRefPubMed

Forster HV, Haouzi P, Dempsey JA (2012) Control of breathing during exercise. Compr Physiol 2:743–777. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c100045CrossRefPubMed

Fregosi RF (1991) Short-term potentiation of breathing in humans. J Appl Physiol 71:892–899. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.892CrossRefPubMed

Gozal D, Simakajornboon N (2000) Passive motion of the extremities modifies alveolar ventilation during sleep in patients with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1747–1751. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.2005012CrossRefPubMed

Gravier G, Delliaux S, Delpierre S, Guieu R, Jammes Y (2013) Inter-individual differences in breathing pattern at high levels of incremental cycling exercise in healthy subjects. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 189:59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2013.06.027CrossRef

Green AL, Wang S, Purvis S et al (2007) Identifying cardiorespiratory neurocircuitry involved in central command during exercise in humans. J Physiol 578:605–612. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2006.122549CrossRefPubMed

Haouzi P, Bell HJ (2009) Control of breathing and volitional respiratory rhythm in humans. J Appl Physiol 106:904–910. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90675.2008CrossRefPubMed

Haouzi P, Chenuel B, Huszczuk A (2004) Sensing vascular distension in skeletal muscle by slow conducting afferent fibers: neurophysiological basis and implication for respiratory control. J Appl Physiol 96:407–418. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00597.2003CrossRefPubMed

Holwerda SW, Vianna LC (2019) Interaction between the muscle metaboreflex and central command–A clearer picture of cardiorespiratory control during exercise. Exp Physiol 104:1441–1442. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087939CrossRefPubMed

Jasinskas C, Wilson B, Hoare J (1980) Entrainment of breathing rate to movement frequency during work at two intensities. Respir Physiol 42:199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-5687(80)90115-2CrossRefPubMed

Jastrzębska AD, Kowalski M (2015) Effect of cadence on respiratory response during unloaded cycling in healthy individuals. Hum Mov 16:36–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/humo-2015-0025CrossRef

Lam E, Greenhough E, Nazari P, White MJ, Bruce RM (2019) Muscle metaboreflex activation increases ventilation and heart rate during dynamic exercise in humans. Exp Physiol 104:1472–1481. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087726CrossRefPubMed

Lamarra N, Whipp BJ, Ward SA, Wasserman K (1987) Effect of interbreath fluctuations on characterizing exercise gas exchange kinetics. J Appl Physiol 62:2003–2012. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.2003CrossRefPubMed

Lucía A, Carvajal A, Calderón FJ, Alfonso A, Chicharro JL (1999) Breathing pattern in highly competitive cyclists during incremental exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 79:512–521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050546CrossRef

Ludyga S, Gronwald T, Hottenrott K (2016) Effects of high vs. low cadence training on cyclists’ brain cortical activity during exercise. J Sci Med Sport 19:342–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2015.04.003CrossRefPubMed

McCloskey DI, Mitchell JH (1972) Reflex cardiovascular and respiratory responses originating in exercising muscle. J Physiol 224:173–186. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1972.sp009887CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Mitchell RA, Boyle KG, Ramsook AH, Puyat JH, Henderson WR, Koehle MS, Guenette JA (2019) The impact of cycling cadence on respiratory and hemodynamic responses to exercise. Med Sci Sport Exerc 51:1727–1735. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001960CrossRef

Nicolò A, Sacchetti M, Marcora SM (2015) Are respiratory frequency and tidal volume regulated by different inputs during exercise? J Appl Physiol 118:1559. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00229.2015CrossRef

Nicolò A, Girardi M, Bazzucchi I, Felici F, Sacchetti M (2018) Respiratory frequency and tidal volume during exercise: differential control and unbalanced interdependence. Physiol Rep 6:e13908. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13908CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nicolò A, Girardi M, Sacchetti M (2017a) Control of the depth and rate of breathing: metabolic vs. non-metabolic inputs. J Physiol 595:6363–6364. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP275013CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nicolò A, Marcora SM, Bazzucchi I, Sacchetti M (2017b) Differential control of respiratory frequency and tidal volume during high-intensity interval training. Exp Physiol 102:934–949. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP086352CrossRefPubMed

Nicolò A, Massaroni C, Passfield L (2017c) Respiratory frequency during exercise: the neglected physiological measure. Front Physiol 8:922. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00922CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Nicolò A, Marcora SM, Sacchetti M (2016) Respiratory frequency is strongly associated with perceived exertion during time trials of different duration. J Sports Sci 34:1199–1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1102315CrossRefPubMed

Nicolò A, Marcora SM, Sacchetti M (2020) Time to reconsider how ventilation is regulated above the respiratory compensation point during incremental exercise. J Appl Physiol 128:1447–1449. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00814.2019CrossRefPubMed

Nicolò A, Sacchetti M (2019) A new model of ventilatory control during exercise. Exp Physiol 104:1331–1332. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP087937CrossRefPubMed

Olson AL, Zwillich C (2005) The obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Am J Med 118:948–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.042CrossRefPubMed

Paterson DJ, Wood GA, Morton AR, Henstridge JD (1986) The entrainment of ventilation frequency to exercise rhythm. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 55:530–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00421649CrossRefPubMed

Potts JT, Rybak IA, Paton JFR (2005) Respiratory rhythm entrainment by somatic afferent stimulation. J Neurosci 25:1965–1978. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3881-04.2005CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Rådegran G, Saltin B (1998) Muscle blood f low at onset of dynamic exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol 274:H314–H322. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.274.1.H314CrossRef

Saltin B, Rådegran G, Koskolou MD, Roach RC (1998) Skeletal muscle blood flow in humans and its regulation during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 162:421–436. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201X.1998.0293e.xCrossRefPubMed

Sato K, Matsuo H, Katayama K, Ishida K, Honda Y, Katsumata K, Miyamura M (2004) Ventilatory and circulatory responses at the onset of voluntary exercise and passive movement in sprinters. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:196–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1075-8CrossRefPubMed

Thornton JM, Guz A, Murphy K, Griffith AR, Pedersen DL, Kardos A, Leff A, Adams L, Casadei B, Paterson DJ (2001) Identification of higher brain centres that may encode the cardiorespiratory response to exercise in humans. J Physiol 533:823–836. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00823.xCrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Tipton MJ, Harper A, Paton JFR, Costello JT (2017) The human ventilatory response to stress: rate or depth? J Physiol 595:5729–5752. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP274596CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wigertz O (1970) Dynamics of ventilation and heart rate in response to sinusoidal work load in man. J Appl Physiol 29:208–218. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1970.29.2.208CrossRefPubMed

Zenon A, Sidibe M, Olivier E (2015) Disrupting the supplementary motor area makes physical effort appear less effortful. J Neurosci 35:8737–8744. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3789-14.2015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: The effect of pedalling cadence on respiratory frequency: passive vs. active exercise of different intensities
verfasst von: Michele Girardi
Andrea Nicolò
Ilenia Bazzucchi
Francesco Felici
Massimo Sacchetti
Publikationsdatum: 09.11.2020
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Ausgabe 2/2021
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Elektronische ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04533-z

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Das Geschlechterparadoxon in der gesundheitlich beeinträchtigten Lebenszeit – Ende eines Mythos?

Open Access Hüftgelenksbewegungseinschränkung Leitthema

Beginnend mit den 1920er-Jahren hat sich eine Vorstellung über die Geschlechterdifferenzen in Gesundheit und Mortalität etabliert, die von Lorber und Moore in dem einprägsamen Satz: „Women get sicker, but men die quicker“, zusammengefasst wurde [ 1 …, S. 13]. Tatsächlich erscheinen vor dem Hintergrund der höheren Lebenserwartung der Frauen die Studienergebnisse zu den Geschlechterdifferenzen in der Morbidität überraschend, wonach Frauen im Durchschnitt einen schlechteren Gesundheitszustand aufweisen als Männer [

Gesunde Lebenserwartung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Nutzen und Potenziale des demographischen Gesundheitsindikators

Open Access Leitthema

Die demographische Alterung hat vielfältige gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen, deren Ausmaß wesentlich vom Gesundheitszustand der Bevölkerung abhängt. Um diesen analysieren und bewerten zu können, wurden spezielle Kennziffern entwickelt, die in …

Wie hat sich die Lebenserwartung ohne funktionelle Einschränkungen in Deutschland entwickelt? Eine Analyse mit Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS)

Open Access Hüftgelenksbewegungseinschränkung Leitthema

Deutschland erfährt, wie andere Hocheinkommensstaaten, aufgrund kontinuierlich rückläufiger Mortalität und niedriger Geburtenraten tiefgreifende demografische Veränderungen. Der demografische Wandel führt in Deutschland zu einem zunehmend höheren …

Hitzeschutz im Fokus der hessischen Betreuungs- und Pflegeaufsicht

Open Access Klimawandel Übersichtsartikel

Im Sommer 2023 kündigte das Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (BMG) einen nationalen Hitzeschutzplan an und forderte die Länder auf, zu prüfen, „ob die Warnstufen des [Deutschen Wetterdienstes] DWD mit der Durchführung von Akutmaßnahmen …

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

The effect of pedalling cadence on respiratory frequency: passive vs. active exercise of different intensities

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Das Geschlechterparadoxon in der gesundheitlich beeinträchtigten Lebenszeit – Ende eines Mythos?

Gesunde Lebenserwartung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Nutzen und Potenziale des demographischen Gesundheitsindikators

Wie hat sich die Lebenserwartung ohne funktionelle Einschränkungen in Deutschland entwickelt? Eine Analyse mit Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS)

Hitzeschutz im Fokus der hessischen Betreuungs- und Pflegeaufsicht

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2021

The effects of two different intensities of aerobic training protocols on pain and serum neuro-biomarkers in women migraineurs: a randomized controlled trail

Moving forward with backward pedaling: a review on eccentric cycling

Caffeine ingestion alters central hemodynamics following aerobic exercise in middle-aged men

Eccentric exercise per se does not affect muscle damage biomarkers: early and late phase adaptations

Echo intensity as an indicator of skeletal muscle quality: applications, methodology, and future directions

Multidimensional breathlessness assessment during cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy adults

Neu im Fachgebiet Arbeitsmedizin

Das Geschlechterparadoxon in der gesundheitlich beeinträchtigten Lebenszeit – Ende eines Mythos?

Gesunde Lebenserwartung: Ein kritischer Blick auf Nutzen und Potenziale des demographischen Gesundheitsindikators

Wie hat sich die Lebenserwartung ohne funktionelle Einschränkungen in Deutschland entwickelt? Eine Analyse mit Daten des Deutschen Alterssurveys (DEAS)

Hitzeschutz im Fokus der hessischen Betreuungs- und Pflegeaufsicht