Background
Methods
Study design
Myths and beliefs
Target group
Data collection
Data analysis
Ethics
Results
Characteristics of the respondents
Variable | Number of respondents (%) | |
---|---|---|
Medical (n = 407; 35.12%) | Non-medical (n = 752; 64.88%) | |
Age in years | ||
< 20 | 0 | 2 (0.27%) |
20–29 | 183 (44.96%) | 308 (40.96%) |
30–39 | 165 (40.54%) | 416 (55.32%) |
≥ 40 | 59 (14.50%) | 26 (3.46%) |
Sex | ||
Female | 397 (97.53%) | 752 (100%) |
Male | 10 (2.47%) | n/a |
Place of residence | ||
Village | 77 (18.92%) | 136 (18.09%) |
Cities < 100,000 residents | 105 (25.80%) | 196 (26.06%) |
Cities > 100,000 residents | 225 (55.28%) | 420 (55.85%) |
Parity | ||
0 | 77 (18.92%) | n/a |
1 | 167 (41.03%) | 419 (55.72%) |
2 | 139 (34.15%) | 287 (38.16%) |
3 | 24 (5.90%) | 43 (5.72%) |
4 or more | 0 | 3 (0.40%) |
Duration of first child’s breastfeeding (months) | ||
0–3 | 55 (13.51%) | 117 (15.56%) |
4–5 | 23 (5.65%) | 71 (9.44%) |
6–12 | 119 (29.24%) | 208 (27.66%) |
13–24 | 100 (24.57%) | 263 (34.97%) |
More than 24 | 25 (6.14%) | 93 (12.37%) |
Impact of mother’s diet on breast milk composition
Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Correct answer | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B; OR (95% CI) | P-value | B; OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
The mother’s diet has little influence on protein content in milk. | TRUE | ||||
Parity | 0.115; 1.12 (0.95, 1.32) | 0.168 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.017; 1.02 (1.0, 1.03) | 0.012a | 0.018; 1.02 (1.0, 1.03) | 0.007a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.25; 0.78 (0.6, 1.01) | 0.061 | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.344; 0.71 (0.41, 1.23) | 0.222 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.299; 1.35 (1.05, 1.73) | 0.017a | 0.421; 1.52 (1.16, 2.0) | 0.002a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.058; 0.94 (0.7, 1.27) | 0.699 | n/a | n/a | |
The composition and quality of fats in mother’s milk mainly depends on the diet. | TRUE | ||||
Parity | −0.156; 0.86 (0.73, 1.01) | 0.06 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | −0.001; 0.999 (0.99, 1.01) | 0.825 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | 0.007; 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) | 0.958 | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | 0.4; 1.49 (0.85, 2.62) | 0.164 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | −0.190; 0.83 (0.65, 1.05) | 0.123 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.194; 0.82 (0.61, 1.1) | 0.194 | n/a | n/a | |
The mother’s diet affects the concentration of iodine in milk. This concentration depends on the iodine stores in the mother’s body. | TRUE | ||||
Parity | −0.294; 0.75 (0.63, 0.88) | < 0.001a | −0.254; 0.78 (0.66, 0.92) | 0.003a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | −0.007; 0.994 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.304 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.009; 0.991 (0.765, 1.29) | 0.948 | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | 0.211; 1.24 (0.71, 2.15) | 0.456 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.474; 1.61 (1.26, 2.05) | < 0.001a | 0.419; 1.52 (1.19, 1.95) | < 0.001a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | 0.021; 1.02 (0.76, 1.37) | 0.888 | n/a | n/a | |
A deficiency of vitamin B12 in the mother’s diet is a risk factor for the deficiency of this vitamin in an infant. | TRUE | ||||
Parity | −0.280; 0.76 (0.64, 0.89) | < 0.001a | − 0.276; 0.76 (0.62, 0.92) | 0.006a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | −0.019; 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.004a | −0.019; 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.005a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | 0.099; 1.1 (0.85, 1.43) | 0.457 | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.184; 0.83 (0.48, 1.46) | 0.52 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.404; 1.5 (1.18, 1.91) | 0.001a | 0.372; 1.45 (1.11, 1.89) | 0.006a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.26; 0.97 (0.73, 1.31) | 0.861 | n/a | n/a | |
Some flavors / aromas / other substances, e.g. proteins, pass into breast milk. | TRUE | ||||
Parity | 0.01; 1.01 (0.82, 1.24) | 0.922 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.020; 1.02 (1.0, 1.04) | 0.022a | 0.020; 1.02 (1.0, 1.04) | 0.021a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | 0.386; 1.47 (1.04, 2.09) | 0.03a | 0.242; 1.38 (0.97, 1.96) | 0.418 | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.309; 0.73 (0.39, 1.4) | 0.346 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.231; 1.26 (0.92, 1.72) | 0.146 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | 0.403; 1.5 (1.0, 2.24) | 0.05a | 0.126; 1.42 (0.95, 2.14) | 0.713 | |
Spicy food changes the taste of mother’s milk. | TRUE | ||||
Parity | −0.122; 0.89 (0.75, 1.04) | 0.143 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.005; 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.427 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | 0.677; 1.97 (1.5, 2.59) | < 0.001a | −1.08; 1.97 (1.5, 2.59) | < 0.001a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | 0.145; 1.16 (0.66, 2.03) | 0.615 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.06; 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 0.63 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | 0.438; 1.55 (1.14, 2.1) | 0.005a | 0.55; 1.55 (1.14, 2.1) | 0.055 |
General statements regarding mother’s diet during lactation
Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Correct answer | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B; OR (95% CI) | P-value | B; OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
The breastfeeding mother’s diet should be a well-balanced diet, with general recommendations as for every other adult. | TRUE | ||||
Parity | −0.248; 0.78 (0.57, 1.07) | 0.122 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.009; 1.009 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.524 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.661; 0.52 (0.32, 0.83) | 0.006a | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.115; 0.89 (0.31, 2.54) | 0.829 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.167; 1.18 (0.72, 1.93) | 0.504 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.231; 0.79 (0.46, 1.37) | 0.409 | n/a | n/a | |
When breastfeeding, you can eat for two, in any amount. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | −0.258; 0.77 (0.57, 1.05) | 0.102 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.014; 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.279 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | 0.452; 1.57 (0.9, 2.76) | 0.116 | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.073; 0.93 (0.33, 2.64) | 0.891 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 1.119; 3.06 (1.67, 5.61) | < 0.001a | 1.149; 3.15 (1.72, 5.78) | < 0.001a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | 0.699; 2.01 (0.99, 4.08) | 0.053 | 0.763; 2.15 (1.05, 4.37) | 0.035a | |
The elimination diet of the breastfeeding mother should be started only with relevant medical indications. | TRUE | ||||
Parity | −0.079; 0.92 (0.66, 1.3) | 0.652 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.021; 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.167 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.576; 0.56 (0.34, 0.94) | 0.027a | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | 0.23; 1.02 (0.31, 3.37) | 0.969 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.41; 1.51 (0.87, 2.62) | 0.147 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | 0.323; (0.69, 2.75) | 0.358 | n/a | n/a | |
The mother’s elimination diet from the beginning of lactation will protect the infant from digestive tract disorders and allergies. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | −0.414; 0.66 (0.49, 0.89) | 0.006a | −0.257; 0.66 (0.49, 0.89) | 0.117 | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.013; 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.285 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −1.500; 0.22 (0.14, 0.35) | < 0.001a | −2.266; 0.11 (0.06, 0.2) | < 0.001a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.824; 0.44 (0.2, 0.96) | 0.04a | −0.389; 0.44 (0.2, 0.96) | 0.368 | |
Being a medical professional | 0.275; 1.32 (0.82, 2.12) | 0.256 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | − 0.559; 0.57 (0.35, 0.93) | 0.025a | 1.222; 3.55 (1.89, 6.68) | < 0.001a | |
Breastfeeding mother’s diet should be based on specific recommendations for lactating women. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | 0.083; 1.09 (0.9, 1.31) | 0.376 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.138; 1.01 (1.0, 1.03) | 0.066 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.716; 0.49 (0.37, 0.65) | < 0.001a | −0.746; 0.47 (0.36, 0.63) | < 0.001a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | 0.099; 1.1 (0.58, 2.09) | 0.762 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.474; 0.62 (0.48, 0.81) | < 0.001a | −0.513; 0.6 (0.46, 0.79) | < 0.001a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.231; 0.79 (0.58, 1.1) | 0.16 | n/a | n/a | |
The breastfeeding mother should not eat fried and indigestible products, only cooked and light meals are recommended. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | −0.01; 0.991 (0.79, 1.23) | 0.932 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.045; 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | < 0.001a | 0.044; 1.04 (1.02, 1.07) | < 0.001a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.951; 0.39 (0.28, 0.53) | < 0.001a | 1.461; 0.24 (0.14, 0.39) | < 0.001a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.312; 0.73 (0.37, 1.45) | 0.371 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | −0.314; 0.73 (0.53, 1.0) | 0.053 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.505; 0.6 (0.42, 0.87) | 0.006a | 0.678; 1.94 (1.12, 3.35) | 0.017a | |
Daily caloric and fluid demand increases during lactation. | TRUE | ||||
Parity | −0.616; 0.54 (0.38, 0.77) | < 0.001a | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.021; 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) | 0.181 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | 0.134; 1.14 (0.62, 2.12) | 0.67 | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.747; 0.47 (0.18, 1.24) | 0.128 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.436; 1.55 (0.85, 2.82) | 0.156 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | 0.555; 1.74 (0.78, 3.89) | 0.177 | n/a | n/a |
Mother’s diet - impact on the lactation process and infant’s well-being
Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | Correct answer | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B; OR (95% CI) | P-value | B; OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||
In general, a breastfed infant cries because is not getting enough mother’s milk (the question concerns fully developed and stabilized lactation). | FALSE | ||||
Parity | 0.059; 1.06 (0.71, 1.6) | 0.776 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.084; 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | < 0.001a | 0.084; 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | < 0.001a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.507; 0.6 (0.33, 1.1) | 0.098 | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | − 1174; 0.31 (0.13, 0.76) | 0.011a | − 0.823; 0.32 (0.13, 0.8) | 0.081 | |
Being a medical professional | 0.504; 1.66 (0.85, 3.22) | 0.137 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | 0.333; 1.03 (0.49, 2.17) | 0.93 | n/a | n/a | |
Bavarian milk tea increases lactation. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | −0.158; 0.85 (0.66, 1.1) | 0.218 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.027; 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.015a | 0.029; 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 0.009a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.251; 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) | 0.208 | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.333; 0.72 (0.33, 1.56) | 0.399 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.738; 2.09 (1.36, 3.22) | < 0.001a | 0.770; 2.16 (1.34, 3.47) | 0.001a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | 0.147; 1.16 (0.72, 1.86) | 0.545 | n/a | n/a | |
Drinking large amounts of water increases milk production. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | 0.091; 1.1 (0.93, 1.29) | 0.279 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.043; 1.04 (1.03, 1.06) | < 0.001a | 0.042; 1.04 (1.03, 1.06) | < 0.001a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.119; 0.82 (0.63, 1.07) | 0.146 | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.743; 0.48 (0.25, 0.9) | 0.022a | −0.563; 0.48 (0.25, 0.9) | 0.091 | |
Being a medical professional | 0.044; 1.04 (0.82, 1.34) | 0.729 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.114; 0.89 (0.66, 1.21) | 0.457 | n/a | n/a | |
A breastfed child cries because of mother’s improper diet. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | −0.266; 0.77 (0.5, 1.16) | 0.211 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.021; 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 0.27 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −1.589; 0.2 (0.11, 0.38) | < 0.001a | 2.257; 0.1 (0.05, 0.22) | < 0.001a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.804; 0.45 (0.15, 1.3) | 0.14 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | −0.197; 0.82 (0.44, 1.53) | 0.537 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | 0.626; 0.53 (0.27, 1.04) | 0.066a | 1.091; 2.98 (1.34, 6.62) | 0.007a | |
Spicy food in mother’s diet causes colic in a breastfed infant. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | 0.032; 1.03 (0.79, 1.34) | 0.81 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.049; 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | < 0.001a | 0.047; 1.05 (1.02, 1.08) | < 0.001a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −1.327; 0.27 (0.18, 0.39) | < 0.001a | −2.112; 0.12 (0.07, 0.21) | < 0.001a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.271; 0.76 (0.34, 1.73) | 0.516 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | −0.086; 0.92 (0.62, 1.35) | 0.665 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.555; 0.58 (0.38, 0.88) | 0.011a | 1.031; 2.8 (1.57, 5.0) | < 0.001a | |
Legumes, e.g. peas, in the mother’s diet cause bloating in the infant. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | −0.173; 0.84 (0.65, 1.08) | 0.18 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.034; 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.005a | 0.030; 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.017a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −1.383; 0.25 (0.17, 0.37) | < 0.001a | −2.392; 0.09 (0.05,0.15) | < 0.001a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.519; 0.59 (0.28, 1.25) | 0.17 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | −0.323; 0.72 (0.5, 1.05) | 0.09 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | − 0.465; 0.63 (0.41, 0.96) | 0.031a | 1.336; 3.8 (2.15, 6.72) | < 0.001a | |
Drinking coffee during lactation is allowed. | TRUE | ||||
Parity | 0.094; 1.1 (0.76, 1.6) | 0.62 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.013; 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.414 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.685; 0.5 (0.29, 0.86) | 0.013a | −0.665; 0.51 (0.3, 0.88) | 0.016a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | 1.039; 2.83 (0.38, 20.8) | 0.308 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | 0.657; 1.93 (1.03, 3.62) | 0.041a | 0.635; 1.89 (1.0, 3.55) | 0.049a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.404; 0.67 (0.36, 1.22) | 0.192 | n/a | n/a | |
Children of mothers who drink coffee during lactation often wake up at night. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | 0.206; 1.23 (0.82, 1.85) | 0.326 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.005; 1.005 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.783 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.379; 0.68 (0.37, 1.25) | 0.218 | n/a | n/a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | 0.124; 1.13 (0.27, 4.79) | 0.866 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | −0.514; 0.6 (0.34, 1.06) | 0.079 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | 0.555; 1.74 (0.73, 4.14) | 0.21 | n/a | n/a | |
Pimples and erythema on the baby’s face always indicate an allergy to milk proteins - the mother must eliminate dairy from her diet. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | −0.163; 0.85 (0.7, 1.03) | 0.1 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.032; 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | < 0.001a | 0.035; 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | < 0.001a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −0.906; 0.4 (0.3, 0.54) | < 0.001a | −0.895; 0.37 (0.23, 0.6) | < 0.001a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.916; 0.4 (0.23, 0.71) | 0.002a | −0.385; 0.41 (0.23, 0.73) | 0.225 | |
Being a medical professional | 0.497; 1.64 (1.21, 2.24) | 0.002a | 0.564; 1.77 (1.25, 2.5) | 0.001a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.729; 0.48 (0.35, 0.67) | < 0.001a | 0.212; 0.51 (0.36, 0.7) | 0.438 | |
During lactation, eating allergenic products, such as citrus, chocolate, nuts is forbidden. | FALSE | ||||
Parity | −0.170; 0.84 (0.61, 1.16) | 0.297 | n/a | n/a | |
Duration of breastfeeding the first child | 0.047; 1.05 (1.01, 1.08) | 0.004a | 0.044; 1.05 (1.01, 1.08) | 0.009a | |
Applied an elimination diet during breastfeeding | −1.511; 0.22 (0.14, 0.36) | < 0.001a | −2.102; 0.12 (0.06, 0.23) | < 0.001a | |
Used elimination diet and replaced breastfeeding with infant formula | −0.403; 0.67 (0.26, 1.73) | 0.407 | n/a | n/a | |
Being a medical professional | −0.058; 0.94 (0.58, 1.53) | 0.812 | n/a | n/a | |
Applied an elimination diet according to a doctor’s recommendations | −0.764; 0.47 (0.28, 0.77) | 0.003a | 0.810; 2.25 (1.16, 4.36) | 0.016a |